Nolte's The Human Brain-8판

Cover image
Title Page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Preface
In Memoriam

1. Introduction to the Nervous System
The Nervous System Has Central and Peripheral Parts
The Principal Cellular Elements of the Nervous System Are Neurons and Glial Cells
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2. Development of the Nervous System
The Neural Tube Gives Rise to the Central Nervous System
The Neural Crest and Cranial Placodes Give Rise to the Peripheral Nervous System
Adverse Events During Development Can Cause Congenital Malformations of the Nervous System
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3. Gross Anatomy and General Organization of the Central Nervous System
The Long Axis of the CNS Bends at the Cephalic Flexure
Hemisecting a Brain Reveals Parts of the Diencephalon, Brainstem, and Ventricular System
Humans, Relative to Other Animals, Have Large Brains and Many Neurons
Named Sulci and Gyri Cover the Cerebral Surface
The Diencephalon Includes the Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Most Cranial Nerves Are Attached to the Brainstem
The Cerebellum Includes a Vermis and Two Hemispheres
Sections of the Forebrain Reveal the Basal Nuclei and Limbic Structures
Parts of the Nervous System Are Interconnected in Systematic Ways (Generalizations)
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4. Meningeal Coverings of the Brain and Spinal Cord
There Are Three Meningeal Layers: the Dura Mater, Arachnoid, and Pia Mater
The Dura Mater Provides Mechanical Strength
The Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater Covers the Surface of the CNS
Lymphatics of the CNS
The Vertebral Canal Contains a Spinal Epidural Space
Bleeding Can Open Up Potential Meningeal Spaces
Parts of the CNS Can Herniate From One Intracranial Compartment Into Another
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5. Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid
The Brain Contains Four Ventricles
Choroid Plexus Is the Source of Most CSF
Imaging Techniques Allow Noninvasive Visualization of the CNS
Disruption of CSF Circulation Can Cause Hydrocephalus
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6. Blood Supply of the Brain
The Internal Carotid Arteries and Vertebral Arteries Supply the Brain
Imaging Techniques Allow Arteries and Veins to Be Visualized
Blood Flow to the CNS Is Closely Controlled
A System of Barriers Partially Separates the Nervous System From the Rest of the Body
Superficial and Deep Veins Drain the Brain
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7. Electrical Signaling by Neurons
A Lipid-Protein Membrane Separates Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids
Inputs to Neurons Cause Slow, Local Potential Changes
Action Potentials Convey Information Over Long Distances
Resistors, Capacitors, and Neuronal Membranes
Calculating the Membrane Potential
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8. Synaptic Transmission Between Neurons
There Are Five Steps in Conventional Chemical Synaptic Transmission
Synaptic Transmission Can Be Rapid and Point-to-Point, or Slow and Often Diffuse
Synaptic Strength Can Be Facilitated or Depressed
Most Neurotransmitters Are Small Amine Molecules, Amino Acids, or Neuropeptides
Gap Junctions Mediate Direct Current Flow From One Neuron to Another
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9. Sensory Receptors and the Peripheral Nervous System
Receptors Encode the Nature, Location, Intensity, and Duration of Stimuli
Somatosensory Receptors Detect Mechanical, Chemical, or Thermal Changes
Peripheral Nerves Convey Information to and From the CNS
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10. Spinal Cord
The Spinal Cord Is Segmented
All Levels of the Spinal Cord Have a Similar Cross-Sectional Structure
The Spinal Cord Is Involved in Sensory Processing, Motor Outflow, and Reflexes
Spinal Gray Matter Is Regionally Specialized
Reflex Circuitry Is Built Into the Spinal Cord
Ascending and Descending Pathways Have Defined Locations in the Spinal White Matter
The Autonomic Nervous System Monitors and Controls Visceral Activity
A Longitudinal Network of Arteries Supplies the Spinal Cord
Spinal Cord Damage Causes Predictable Deficits
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11. Organization of the Brainstem
The Brainstem Has Conduit, Cranial Nerve, and Integrative Functions
The Medulla, Pons, and Midbrain Have Characteristic Gross Anatomical Features
The Internal Structure of the Brainstem Reflects Surface Features and the Position of Long Tracts
The Reticular Core of the Brainstem Is Involved in Multiple Functions
Some Brainstem Nuclei Have Distinctive Neurochemical Signatures
The Brainstem Is Supplied by the Vertebral-Basilar System
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12. Cranial Nerves and Their Nuclei
Cranial Nerve Nuclei Have a Generally Predictable Arrangement
Cranial Nerves III, IV, VI, XI, and XII Contain Somatic Motor Fibers
Branchiomeric Nerves Contain Axons From Multiple Categories
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13. The Chemical Senses of Taste and Smell
The Perception of Flavor Involves Gustatory, Olfactory, Trigeminal, and Other Inputs
Taste Is Mediated by Receptors in Taste Buds Innervated by Cranial Nerves VII, IX, and X
Olfaction Is Mediated by Receptors That Project Directly to the Telencephalon
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14. Hearing and Balance
Auditory and Vestibular Receptor Cells Are Located in the Walls of the Membranous Labyrinth
The Cochlear Division of the Eighth Nerve Conveys Information About Sound
The Vestibular Division of the Eighth Nerve Conveys Information About Linear and Angular Acceleration of
the Head
Position Sense Is Mediated by the Vestibular, Proprioceptive, and Visual Systems Acting Together
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15. Atlas of the Human Brainstem

16. The Thalamus and Internal Capsule
The Diencephalon Includes the Epithalamus, Subthalamus, Hypothalamus, and Thalamus
The Thalamus Is the Gateway to the Cerebral Cortex
Interconnections Between the Cerebral Cortex and Subcortical Structures Travel Through the Internal Capsule
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17. The Visual System
The Eye Has Three Concentric Tissue Layers and a Lens
The Retina Contains Five Major Neuronal Cell Types
Retinal Neurons Translate Patterns of Light Into Patterns of Contrast
Half of the Visual Field of Each Eye Is Mapped Systematically in the Contralateral Cerebral Hemisphere
Primary Visual Cortex Sorts Visual Information and Distributes It to Other Cortical Areas
Early Experience Has Permanent Effects on the Visual System
Reflex Circuits Adjust the Size of the Pupil and the Focal Length of the Lens
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18. Overview of Motor Systems
Each Lower Motor Neuron Innervates a Group of Muscle Fibers, Forming a Motor Unit
Motor Control Systems Involve Both Hierarchical and Parallel Connections
The Corticospinal Tract Has Multiple Origins and Terminations
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19. Basal Nuclei
The Basal Nuclei Include Five Major Groups of Cells
Basal Nuclei Circuitry Involves Multiple Parallel Loops That Modulate Cortical Output
Interconnections of the Basal Nuclei Determine the Pattern of Their Outputs
Perforating Branches From the Cerebral Arterial Circle (of Willis) Supply the Basal Nuclei
Many Basal Nuclei Disorders Result in Abnormalities of Movement
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20. Cerebellum
The Cerebellum Can Be Divided Into Both Transverse and Longitudinal Zones
Cerebellar Cortex Receives Multiple Inputs
Each Longitudinal Zone Has a Distinctive Output
Clinical Syndromes Correspond to Functional Zones
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21. Eye Movements
Six Extraocular Muscles Move the Eye in the Orbit
There Are Fast and Slow Conjugate Eye Movements
Changes in Object Distance Require Vergence Movements
The Basal Nuclei and Cerebellum Participate in Eye Movement Control
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22. Cerebral Cortex
Most Cerebral Cortex Is Neocortex
Neocortical Areas Are Specialized for Different Functions
The Corpus Callosum Unites the Two Cerebral Hemispheres
Consciousness and Sleep Are Active Processes
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23. Drives and Emotions
The Hypothalamus Coordinates Drive-Related Behaviors
Limbic Structures Are Interposed Between the Hypothalamus and Neocortex
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24. Formation, Modification, and Repair of Neuronal Connections
Both Neurons and Connections Are Produced in Excess During Development
Synaptic Connections Are Adjusted Throughout Life
PNS Repair Is More Effective Than CNS Repair
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25. Atlas of the Human Forebrain
Glossary
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D
E
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G
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I
J
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M
N
O
P
R
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T
U
V
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Index
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