Neuroanatomy Text and Atlas-5판

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Box Features
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Guide to Using This Book

SECTION I THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. Organization of the Central Nervous System
Neurons and Glia Are the Two Principal Cellular Constituents of the Nervous System
All Neurons Have a Common Morphological Plan
Neurons Communicate With Each Other at Synapses
Glial Cells Provide Structural Support for Neurons and Additionally Serve a Broad Set of Diverse Functions
The Nervous System Consists of Separate Peripheral and Central Components
The Spinal Cord Displays the Simplest Organization of All Seven Major Divisions
The Brain Stem and Cerebellum Regulate Body Functions and Movements
The Diencephalon Consists of the Thalamus and Hypothalamus
The Cerebral Hemispheres Have the Most Complex Shape of All Central Nervous System Divisions
The Subcortical Components of the Cerebral Hemispheres Mediate Diverse Motor, Cognitive, and Emotional Functions
The Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex Each Have Distinct Functions
Cavities Within the Central Nervous System Contain Cerebrospinal Fluid
The Central Nervous System Is Covered by Three Meningeal Layers
An Introduction to Neuroanatomical Terms

2. Structural and Functional Organization of the Central Nervous System
The Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscal System and Corticospinal Tract Have a Component at Each Level of the Neuraxis
The Modulatory Systems of the Brain Have Diffuse Connections and Use Different Neurotransmitters
Neurons in the Basal Forebrain and Diencephalon Contain Acetylcholine
The Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area Contain Dopaminergic Neurons
Neurons in the Locus Ceruleus Give Rise to a Noradrenergic Projection
Neurons of the Raphe Nuclei Use Serotonin as Their Neurotransmitter
Guidelines for Studying the Regional Anatomy and Interconnections of the Central Nervous System
The Spinal Cord Has a Central Cellular Region Surrounded by a Region That Contains Myelinated Axons
The Direction of Information Flow Has Its Own Set of Terms
Surface Features of the Brain Stem Mark Key Internal Structures
The Organization of the Medulla Varies From Caudal to Rostral
The Pontine Nuclei Surround the Axons of the Corticospinal Tract in the Base of the Pons
The Dorsal Surface of the Midbrain Contains the Colliculi
The Thalamus Transmits Information From Subcortical Structures to the Cerebral Cortex
The Internal Capsule Contains Ascending and Descending Axons
Cerebral Cortex Neurons Are Organized Into Layers
The Cerebral Cortex Has an Input-Output Organization
The Cytoarchitectonic Map of the Cerebral Cortex Is the Basis for a Map of Cortical Function

3. Vasculature of the Central Nervous System and the Cerebrospinal Fluid
Neural Tissue Depends on Continuous Arterial Blood Supply
The Vertebral and Carotid Arteries Supply Blood to the Central Nervous System
The Spinal and Radicular Arteries Supply Blood to the Spinal Cord
The Vertebral and Basilar Arteries Supply Blood to the Brain Stem
The Internal Carotid Artery Has Four Principal Portions
The Anterior and Posterior Circulations Supply the Diencephalon and Cerebral Hemispheres
Collateral Circulation Can Rescue Brain Regions Deprived of Blood
Deep Branches of the Anterior and Posterior Circulations Supply Subcortical Structures
Different Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Are Supplied by Different Cerebral Arteries
Cerebral Veins Drain Into the Dural Sinuses
The Blood-Brain Barrier Isolates the Chemical Environment of the Central Nervous System From That of the Rest of the Body
CSF Serves Many Diverse Functions
Most of the CSF Is Produced by the Choroid Plexus
CSF Circulates Throughout the Ventricles and Subarachnoid Space
CSF Is Drawn From the Lumbar Cistern
The Dural Sinuses Provide the Return Path for CSF

SECTION II SENSORY SYSTEMS

4. Somatic Sensation: Spinal Mechanosensory Systems
Somatic Sensations
Functional Anatomy of the Spinal Mechanosensory System
Mechanical Sensations Are Mediated by the Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscal System
Regional Anatomy of the Spinal Mechanosensory System
The Peripheral Axon Terminals of Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons Contain the Somatic Sensory Receptors
Dermatomes Have a Segmental Organization
The Spinal Cord Gray Matter Has a Dorsoventral Sensory-Motor Organization
Mechanoreceptor Axons Terminate in Deeper Portions of the Spinal Gray Matter and in the Medulla
The Ascending Branches of Mechanoreceptive Sensory Fibers Travel in Dorsal Columns
The Dorsal Column Nuclei Are Somatotopically Organized
The Decussation of the Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscal System Is in the Caudal Medulla
Mechanosensory Information Is Processed in the Ventral Posterior Nucleus
The Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex Has a Somatotopic Organization
The Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex Has a Columnar Organization
Higher-Order Somatic Sensory Cortical Areas Are Located in the Parietal Lobe, Parietal Operculum, and Insular Cortex

5. Somatic Sensation: Spinal Systems for Pain, Temperature, and Itch
Functional Anatomy of the Spinal Protective Systems
Pain, Temperature, and Itch Are Mediated by the Anterolateral System
Visceral Pain Is Mediated by Dorsal Horn Neurons Whose Axons Ascend in the Dorsal Columns
Regional Anatomy of the Spinal Protective Systems
Small-Diameter Sensory Fibers Mediate Pain, Temperature, and Itch
Small-Diameter Sensory Fibers Terminate Primarily in the Superficial Laminae of the Dorsal Horn
Anterolateral System Projection Neurons Are Located in the Dorsal Horn and Decussate in the Ventral Commissure
Vascular Lesions of the Medulla Differentially Affect Somatic Sensory Function
Descending Pain Suppression Pathways Originate From the Brain Stem
Several Nuclei in the Thalamus Process Pain, Temperature, and Itch
Limbic and Insular Areas Contain the Cortical Representations of Pain, Itch, and Temperature Sensations

6. Somatic Sensation: Trigeminal and Viscerosensory Systems
Cranial Nerves and Nuclei
Important Differences Exist Between the Sensory and Motor Innervation of Cranial Structures and Those of the Limbs and Trunk
There Are Seven Functional Categories of Cranial Nerves
Cranial Nerve Nuclei are Organized into Distinctive Columns
Functional Anatomy of the Trigeminal and Viscerosensory Systems
Separate Trigeminal Pathways Mediate Touch and Pain and Temperature Senses
The Viscerosensory System Originates From the Caudal Solitary Nucleus
Regional Anatomy of the Trigeminal and Viscerosensory Systems
Separate Sensory Roots Innervate Different Parts of the Face and Mucous Membranes of the Head
The Three Trigeminal Nuclei Are Present at All Levels of the Brain Stem
The Caudal Solitary and Parabrachial Nuclei Are Key Brain Stem Viscerosensory Integrative Centers
Somatic and Visceral Sensation Are Processed by Separate Thalamic Nuclei

7. The Visual System
Functional Anatomy of the Visual System
Anatomically Separate Visual Pathways Mediate Perception and Ocular Reflex Function
The Pathway to the Primary Visual Cortex Is Important for Perception of the Form, Color, Location, and Motion of Visual
Stimuli
The Pathway to the Midbrain Is Important in Voluntary and Reflexive Control of the Eyes
Regional Anatomy of the Visual System
The Visual Field of Each Eye Partially Overlaps
Optical Properties of the Eye Transform Visual Stimuli
The Retina Contains Three Major Cell Layers
Each Optic Nerve Contains All of the Axons of Ganglion Cells in the Ipsilateral Retina
The Superior Colliculus Is Important in Ocular Motor Control and Spatial Orientation
The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Transmits Retinotopically Organized Information to the Primary Visual Cortex
The Magnocellular, Parvocellular, and Koniocellular Systems Have Differential Laminar Projections in the Primary Visual
Cortex
The Primary Visual Cortex Has a Laminar and Columnar Organization
Higher-Order Visual Cortical Areas Analyze Distinct Aspects of Visual Stimuli
Object Recognition Is Transmitted by the Ventral Stream and Spatial Localization and Action, by the Dorsal Stream
The Visual Field Changes in Characteristic Ways After Damage to the Visual System

8. The Auditory System
Functional Anatomy of the Auditory System
Parallel Ascending Auditory Pathways Are Involved in Different Aspects of Hearing
Regional Anatomy of the Auditory System
The Auditory Sensory Organs Are Located Within the Membranous Labyrinth
The Cochlear Nuclei Are the First Central Nervous System Relays for Auditory Information
The Superior Olivary Complex Processes Stimuli From Both Ears for Horizontal Sound Localization
The Olivocochlear System Regulates Auditory Sensitivity in the Periphery
Auditory Brain Stem Axons Ascend in the Lateral Lemniscus
The Inferior Colliculus Is Located in the Midbrain Tectum
The Medial Geniculate Nucleus Is the Thalamic Auditory Relay Nucleus
The Primary Auditory Cortex Comprises Several Tonotopically Organized Representations Within Heschl’s Gyri
Caudal Secondary and Higher-Order Auditory Areas Give Rise to Projections for Distinguishing the Location of Sounds
Rostral Secondary and Higher-Order Auditory Areas Give Rise to Projections for Processing the Linguistic Characteristics of
Sounds
Damage to Frontotemporal Regions in the Left Hemisphere Produces Aphasias

9. Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell
The Gustatory System: Taste
The Ascending Gustatory Pathway Projects to the Ipsilateral Insular Cortex
Regional Anatomy of the Gustatory System
Branches of the Facial, Glossopharyngeal, and Vagus Nerves Innervate Different Parts of the Oral Cavity
The Solitary Nucleus Is the First Central Nervous System Relay for Taste
The Parvocellular Portion of the Ventral Posterior Medial Nucleus Relays Gustatory Information to the Insular Cortex and
Operculum
The Olfactory System: Smell
The Olfactory Projection to the Cerebral Cortex Does Not Relay Through the Thalamus
Regional Anatomy of the Olfactory System
The Primary Olfactory Neurons Are Located in the Nasal Mucosa
The Olfactory Bulb Is the First Central Nervous System Relay for Olfactory Input
The Olfactory Bulb Projects to Structures on the Ventral Brain Surface Through the Olfactory Tract
The Primary Olfactory Cortex Receives a Direct Input From the Olfactory Bulb
Olfactory and Gustatory Information Interacts in the Insular and Orbitofrontal Cortex for Sensing Flavors

SECTION III MOTOR SYSTEMS

10. Descending Motor Pathways and the Motor Function of the Spinal Cord
Functional Anatomy of the Motor Systems for Limb Control and Posture
Diverse Central Nervous System Structures Comprise the Motor Systems
Many Cortical Regions Are Recruited Into Action During Visually Guided Movements
Functional Anatomy of the Descending Motor Pathways
Multiple Parallel Motor Control Pathways Originate From the Cortex and Brain Stem
Three Rules Govern the Logic of the Organization of the Descending Motor Pathways
Two Laterally Descending Pathways Control Limb Muscles
Four Medially Descending Pathways Control Axial and Girdle Muscles to Regulate Posture
Regional Anatomy of the Motor Systems and the Descending Motor Pathways
The Cortical Motor Areas Are Located in the Frontal Lobe
The Projection From Cortical Motor Regions Passes Through the Internal Capsule En Route to the Brain Stem and Spinal Cord
The Corticospinal Tract Courses in the Base of the Midbrain
The Pontine and Medullary Reticular Formation Gives Rise to the Reticulospinal Tracts
The Lateral Corticospinal Tract Decussates in the Caudal Medulla
The Intermediate Zone and Ventral Horn of the Spinal Cord Receive Input From the Descending Pathways

11. Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei and Brain Stem Motor Functions
Organization of Cranial Motor Nuclei
There Are Three Columns of Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei
Neurons in the Somatic Skeletal Motor Column Innervate Tongue and Extraocular Muscles
The Branchiomeric Motor Column Innervates Skeletal Muscles That Develop From the Branchial Arches
The Autonomic Motor Column Contains Parasympathetic Preganglionic Neurons
The Functional Organization of the Corticobulbar Tract
The Cranial Motor Nuclei Are Controlled by the Cerebral Cortex and Diencephalon
Bilateral Corticobulbar Tract Projections Innervate the Hypoglossal Nucleus, Trigeminal Nucleus, and Nucleus Ambiguus
Cortical Projections to the Facial Motor Nucleus Have a Complex Pattern
Regional Anatomy of Cranial Motor Nuclei and Corticobulbar Tract
Lesion of the Genu of the Internal Capsule Interrupts the Corticobulbar Tract
The Trigeminal Motor Nucleus Is Medial to the Main Trigeminal Sensory Nucleus
The Fibers of the Facial Nerve Have a Complex Trajectory Through the Pons
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve Enters and Exits From the Rostral Medulla
A Level Through the Mid-Medulla Reveals the Locations of Six Cranial Nerve Nuclei
The Spinal Accessory Nucleus Is Located at the Junction of the Spinal Cord and Medulla

12. The Vestibular System and Eye Movements
Functional Anatomy of the Vestibular System
An Ascending Pathway From the Vestibular Nuclei to the Thalamus Is Important for Perception, Orientation, and Posture
The Vestibular System Regulates Blood Pressure in Response to Changes in Body Posture and Gravity
The Vestibular Nuclei Have Functionally Distinct Descending Spinal Projections for Axial Muscle Control
Functional Anatomy of Eye Movement Control
The Extraocular Motor Neurons Are Located in Three Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei
The Vestibuloocular Reflex Maintains Direction of Gaze During Head Movement
Voluntary Eye Movements Are Controlled by Neurons in the Frontal Lobe and the Parietal-Temporal-Occipital Association Cortex
Regional Organization of the Vestibular and Eye Movement Control Systems
Vestibular Sensory Organs Are Contained Within the Membranous Labyrinth
The Vestibular Nuclei Have Functionally Diverse Projections
The Extraocular Motor Nuclei Are Located Adjacent to the MLF in the Pons and Midbrain
Parasympathetic Neurons in the Midbrain Regulate Pupil Size
Eye Movement Control Involves the Integrated Functions of Many Brain Stem Structures
The Ventral Posterior Nucleus of the Thalamus Transmits Vestibular Information to the Parietal and Insular Cortical Areas
Multiple Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Function in Eye Movement Control

13. The Cerebellum
Gross Anatomy of the Cerebellum
Functional Anatomy of the Cerebellum
The Cerebellum Has a Basic Circuit
All Three Functional Divisions of the Cerebellum Display a Similar Input-Output Organization
Damage to the Cerebellum Produces Limb Motor Signs on the Same Side as the Lesion
Regional Anatomy of the Cerebellum
Spinal Cord and Medullary Sections Reveal Nuclei and Paths Transmitting Somatic Sensory Information to the Cerebellum
The Inferior Olivary Nucleus Is the Only Source of Climbing Fibers
The Vestibulocerebellum Receives Input From Primary and Secondary Vestibular Neurons
The Pontine Nuclei Provide the Major Input to the Cerebrocerebellum
The Intrinsic Circuitry of the Cerebellar Cortex Is the Same for the Different Functional Divisions
The Deep Cerebellar Nuclei Are a Major Source of Input to the Brain Stem and Cortical Motor Pathways
A Major Part of the Dentate Nucleus Is Important for Nonmotor Functions
The Corticopontine Projection Brings Information From Diverse Cortical Areas to the Cerebellum for Motor Control and Nonmotor
Functions

14. The Basal Ganglia
Organization and Development of the Basal Ganglia
Separate Components of the Basal Ganglia Process Incoming Information and Mediate the Output
The Complex Shapes and Fractionation of Basal Ganglia Components Are Understood by How the Basal Ganglia Develop
Functional Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia
Direct and Indirect Pathways Form Common Circuits Throughout All Functional Divisions of the Basal Ganglia
Knowledge of Basal Ganglia Connections and Neurotransmitters Provides Insight Into Their Function in Health and Disease
Functionally Distinct Parallel Circuits Course Through the Basal Ganglia
Integration of Information Between the Basal Ganglia Loops Is Needed for Adaptive Behaviors
Regional Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia
The Anterior Limb of the Internal Capsule Separates the Head of the Caudate Nucleus From the Putamen
The Three Components of the Striatum Are Located at the Level of the Anterior Horn of the Lateral Ventricle
The External Segment of the Globus Pallidus and the Ventral Pallidum Are Separated by the Anterior Commissure
The Ansa Lenticularis and the Lenticular Fasciculus Are Output Tracts of the Internal Segment of the Globus Pallidus
Lesion of the Subthalamic Nucleus Produces Hemiballism
The Substantia Nigra Contains Two Anatomical Divisions
The Pedunculopontine Nucleus Is Part of a Parallel Path From the Basal Ganglia to Brain Stem Locomotor Control Centers
Stimulation-Based Treatments for Movement and Nonmovement Disorders Demand a Precise Knowledge of the Regional Anatomy of the
Basal Ganglia
The Vascular Supply of the Basal Ganglia Is Provided by the Middle Cerebral Artery

SECTION IV INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS

15. The Hypothalamus and Regulation of Bodily Functions
Gross Anatomy of the Hypothalamus
Functional Anatomy of the Hypothalamus
Separate Parvocellular and Magnocellular Neurosecretory Systems Regulate Hormone Release From the Anterior and Posterior
Lobes of the Pituitary
The Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System Originate From Different Central Nervous System
Locations
Hypothalamic Nuclei Coordinate Integrated Visceral Responses to Body and Environmental Stimuli
The Hypothalamus Coordinates Circadian Responses, Sleep, and Wakefulness
Regional Anatomy of the Hypothalamus
The Preoptic Area Influences Release of Reproductive Hormones From the Anterior Pituitary
Section Through the Median Eminence Reveals Parvocellular and Magnocellular Nuclei
The Posterior Hypothalamus Contains the Mammillary Bodies
Descending Autonomic Fibers Course in the Periaqueductal Gray Matter and in the Lateral Tegmentum
Nuclei in the Pons Are Important for Bladder Control
Dorsolateral Brain Stem Lesions Interrupt Descending Sympathetic Fibers
Preganglionic Neurons Are Located in the Lateral Intermediate Zone of the Spinal Cord

16. The Limbic System and Cerebral Circuits for Reward, Emotions, and Memory
Anatomical and Functional Overview of Neural Systems for Reward, Emotions, and Memory
The Limbic Association Cortex Is Located on the Medial Surface of the Frontal, Parietal, and Temporal Lobes
The Hippocampal Formation Plays a Role in Consolidating Explicit Memories
The Amygdala Contains Three Major Functional Divisions for Emotions and Their Behavioral Expression
The Mesolimbic Dopamine System and Ventral Striatum Are Important in Reward
Connections Exist Between Components of the Limbic System and the Three Effector Systems
All Major Neurotransmitter Regulatory Systems Have Projections to the Limbic System
Regional Anatomy of Neural Systems for Emotions, Learning, and Memory, and Reward
The Nucleus Accumbens and Olfactory Tubercle Comprise Part of the Basal Forebrain
Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Systems Have Diffuse Limbic and Neocortical Projections
The Cingulum Courses Beneath the Cingulate and Parahippocampal Gyri
The Three Nuclear Divisions of the Amygdala Are Revealed in Coronal Section
The Hippocampal Formation Is Located in the Floor of the Inferior Horn of the Lateral Ventricle
A Sagittal Cut Through the Mammillary Bodies Reveals the Fornix and Mammillothalamic Tract
Nuclei in the Brain Stem Link Telencephalic and Diencephalic Limbic Structures With the Autonomic Nervous System and the
Spinal Cord

SECTION V ATLAS

Atlas I: Surface Topography of the Central Nervous System
Atlas II: Myelin-Stained Sections Through the Central Nervous System
Answers to Clinical Cases
Answers to Study Questions
Glossary
Index