Diabetic Retinopathy and Cardiovascular Disease

Cover Page
Front Matter
Frontiers in Diabetes
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Diabetes Mellitus
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes and Vascular Disease Mechanisms
Trends in Cardiovascular Risk and Mortality
Glycaemia and Cardiovascular Risk
Is Diabetes a Risk Equivalent to Previous Coronary Disease?
Variability in Risk Associated with Diabetes
Predicting Risk in Individuals
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Scores
Novel Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Genetic Risk Scores for Cardiovascular Disease Prediction
Risk Prediction in the Era of Big Data and Machine-Learning
Conclusions
References
Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy
Abstract
Epidemiology
Incidence
Non-Modifiable Risk Factors
Modifiable Risk Factors
Other Risk Factors
Risk Factors for DME
Prevention Strategies for DR
Progression and Regression of DR
Gaps in Current Research
Conclusions
Financial Disclosures
References
Diabetic Retinopathy and Stroke
Abstract
Introduction
Cerebrovascular Disease Morbidity and Mortality
Pathophysiology of Cerebrovascular Disease
Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic Retinopathy and Cerebrovascular Disease
Other Retinal Microvascular Changes and Ischaemic Cerebrovascular Disease
Subclinical Ischaemic Cerebrovascular Disease
Cerebral Imaging and Ischaemic Cerebrovascular Disease
Retinopathy and Intracerebral Lobar Haemorrhagic Strokes
Inclusion of Retinopathy in Risk Prediction Models for Cerebrovascular Disease
Conclusion
References
Diabetic Retinopathy and Heart Disease
Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiological Link between Diabetic Retinopathy and Heart Disease
Diabetic Retinopathy and CHD
Diabetic Retinopathy and Heart Failure
Diabetic Retinopathy and Sub-Clinical Heart Disease
Clinical Implications
References
Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetic Retinopathy
Abstract
Diabetic Kidney Disease
DKD and Diabetic Retinopathy: The Renal-Retinal Link
Association between DKD and DR
Concordance between DKD and DR
DR and Prediction of DKD
Prevention of DR and DR-Related Visual Loss in CKD
Anti-VEGF Treatment on Kidney Function and Proteinuria
References
Diabetic Retinopathy and Mortality
Abstract
Introduction
Impact of DR on Mortality in Type 1 Diabetes
Stronger Associations between DR and All-Cause Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes
Systematic Review
Microvascular and Macrovascular Confounders
Protective Effect of Sight-Threatening DR on Mortality
DR and Cause-Specific Mortality
Concomitant Ocular Complications and Mortality in Diabetes
Conclusion
References
Retinal Vascular Changes in Diabetes and Dementia
Abstract
Introduction
Retinopathy and Dementia
Retinal Vessel Calibre and Dementia
Retinal Vascular Network Parameters and Dementia
Clinical Implications
Current Challenges and Future Directions
Conclusion
References
Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Abstract
Ranibizumab
Aflibercept
Bevacizumab
Conclusion
Disclosure Statement
Financial Support
References
Novel Retinal Imaging in Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Systemic Vascular Diseases
Abstract
Introduction
Novel Computer-Aided Analysis for Retinal Vasculature
Deep Learning for CVD Risks Using Retinal Imaging
OCT ± Angiography
Conclusions
Disclosure Statement
References
Reducing Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes: Insights from Diabetes Trial
Abstract
Introduction
Improving Glycaemic Control and Cardiovascular Outcomes
Novel Anti-Diabetic Agents and Cardiovascular Outcomes
Conclusion
References
Author Index
Subject Index
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