Principles of Radiographic Imaging-6판

Cover
Title Page
Edition
Copyright
Dedication
The Founders of Radiography
Contents
List of Tables
Foreword
Preface
About the Authors
Acknowledgments

UNIT I CREATING THE BEAM

CHAPTER 1 Basic Mathematics
The Language of Science
Arithmetic
Algebra
Units of Measurement

CHAPTER 2 Radiation Concepts
Matter And Energy
Atomic Theory
Types of Energy
Electromagnetic Spectrum
The Discovery of X-Rays
X-Ray Properties

CHAPTER 3 Electricity
Understanding Electricity
Electrostatics
Electrodynamics
Series and Parallel Circuits

CHAPTER 4 Electromagnetism
Magnetism
Electromagnetism
Solenoids and Electromagnets
Controlling Electrical Current
Rectification

CHAPTER 5 The X-Ray Tube
The X-Ray Tube
The Cathode Assembly
The Anode Assembly
The Envelope
Protective Housing
Rating Charts and Cooling Curves
Recommendations for Extending Tube Life

CHAPTER 6 X-Ray Equipment
Types of X-Ray Equipment
Power for X-Ray Generation
A Basic X-Ray Circuit
Generators
Automatic Exposure Controls

CHAPTER 7 Automatic Exposure Controls
Historical Notes
Ionization Chambers
Positioning Skills

CHAPTER 8 X-Ray Production
Conditions
Target Interactions
Emission Spectrum

UNIT II PROTECTING PATIENTS AND PERSONNEL

CHAPTER 9 Radiation Protection Concepts and Equipment
The Basics of Radiation Protection Principles and Practice
Quantities and Units Relevant to Radiation Protection
Detection and Measurement of Ionizing Radiation

CHAPTER 10 Radiation Protection Procedures for Patients and Personnel
Advisory Groups and Regulatory Agencies
Limiting Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
Protection of Personnel
Protection of the Patient
Radiation Exposure and Pregnancy

CHAPTER 11 Filtration
Filtration
Measurement
Types of Filtration
Effect on Output

CHAPTER 12 The Prime Factors
The Prime Factors
Milliamperage-Second
Kilovoltage
Distance
Image Quality Factors

CHAPTER 13 X-Ray Interactions
X-Ray Interaction with Matter
Photoelectric Absorption
Coherent Scattering
Compton Scattering
Pair Production
Photodisintegration
Effect on Technical Factor Selection

CHAPTER 14 Minimizing Patient Exposure
Choosing Exposure Factors
Estimating Approximate Entrance Skin Exposure
Typical Entrance Skin Exposure
Reducing Patient Dose with Communication
Reducing Patient Dose with Positioning
Reducing Patient Dose with Technical Factors
Discussing Radiation Risk Versus Benefit with Patients
CHAPTER 15 Beam Restriction
Controlling Scatter
Beam Restrictors
Ancillary Devices

UNIT III CREATING THE IMAGE

CHAPTER 16 Vision and Perception
Image Perception
Controlling the Image in Space
Radiography as an Art Form

CHAPTER 17 The Patient as a Beam Emitter
Attenuation
The Human Body as an Attenuator
The Patient’s Relationship to Image Quality
Pathology and Radiation Absorption
Increased Attenuation (Additive) Conditions
Decreased Attenuation (Destructive) Conditions

CHAPTER 18 The Grid
Purpose of the Grid
Grid Construction
Grid Patterns
Grid Types
Grid Uses
Grid Selection/Conversions
Grid Performance Evaluation
Grid Errors
An Alternate Scatter Reduction Method—The Air-Gap Technique
Use of Grids with Digital Image Receptors

CHAPTER 19 Film and Screens Imaging and Processing
Radiographic Film
Construction of Radiographic Film
Latent Image Formation
Types of Film
Film Storage and Handling
Film Identification
Film Processing
Developing
Fixing
Archiving
Darkroom
Silver Recovery Systems
Sensitometry
Sensitometric Equipment
The D Log E Curve
Film Characteristics
Intensifying Screens
Construction of Intensifying Screens
Phosphors
Characteristics of Intensifying Screens
Cassettes and Holders
Care
Emission Spectra
Chracteristics of Film-Screen Combinations

UNIT IV DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 20 Digital Image Processing
Historical Development
Digital Image Formation
Image Processing Operations
Digital Image Quality
Receptor Exposure

CHAPTER 21 Computed Radiography
Overview
Image Acquisition
Image Processing
Image Display
CR Technical Factors Selection

CHAPTER 22 Digital Radiography/Flat-Panel Detector Systems
Flat-Panel Detector Types
Image Acquisition, Processing, and Display
Flat-Panel Technology Features
DR Panel Precautions

CHAPTER 23 Technical Considerations in Digital Imaging
Effective use of Digital Imaging
Digital Exposure Considerations
Digital Processing Considerations
Digital Post-Processing Considerations
Digital Imaging Artifacts

CHAPTER 24 Informatics in Medical Imaging
Introduction
Informatics
Informatics Standards
Computers and Networks
Display and Archives
Storage
Workflow
Security

UNIT V ANALYZING THE IMAGE

CHAPTER 25 The Imaging Process
The Imaging Process
Professional Imaging Standards
The Analytical Process
Acceptance Limits

CHAPTER 26 Image Receptor Exposure
Defining IR Exposure
Assessing IR Exposure
Effects on Image Appearance
Factors Affecting IR Exposure

CHAPTER 27 Contrast
Defining Contrast
Assessing Contrast
Image Contrast
Evaluating Contrast


CHAPTER 28 Spatial Resolution
Defining Spatial Resolution
Assessing Resolution
Effects on Image Appearance
Factors Affecting Spatial Resolution

CHAPTER 29 Distortion
Defining Distortion
Assessing Distortion
Factors Affecting Size Distortion
Factors Affecting Shape Distortion
Effect on Image Appearance

CHAPTER 30 The Art of Image Critique
Implementing Imaging Standards
Identifying an Imaging Problem
An Effective Image Critique Method
Applying the Image Critique Method

CHAPTER 31 Quality Management
Quality Assurance and Quality Control
Purchasing Equipment
Monitoring Equipment Performance
Ancillary Equipment
PACS Systems
Rejected Image Analysis
Troubleshooting

UNIT VI SPECIAL IMAGING SYSTEMS AND MODALITIES

CHAPTER 32 Mobile Radiography
Mobile Radiography
Special Patient Considerations
Special Radiation Protection Considerations
Types of Equipment
Special Technical Factor Selection Considerations

CHAPTER 33 Fluoroscopy
Historical Development
Fluoroscopy Uses
Types of Equipment
Fluoroscopic X-Ray Tubes
Image Intensification Tubes
Image Quality
Video Viewing Systems
Digital Fluoroscopy
Flat-Panel Fluoroscopy Designs
Recording the Fluoroscopic Image
Mobile Fluoroscopic Equipment
Radiation Protection During Fluoroscopy

CHAPTER 34 Tomography and Digital Tomosynthesis
The Tomographic Principle
Tomographic Quality
Types of Motion
Digital Tomosynthesis
Tomographic Procedures
CHAPTER 35 Mammography
Historical Development
Generator Characteristics
X-Ray Tube
Accessories
Resolution
Digital Mammography
Quality Control

CHAPTER 36 Bone Densitometry
Bone Densitometry
History and Overview
Bone Science
Osteoporosis
WHO Diagnostic Criteria
DXA Principles and Instrumentation
Scan Acquisition and Analysis
Femur
Spine
Forearm
Quality Control
Radiation Safety and Protection

CHAPTER 37 Vascular Imaging Equipment
Vascular Imaging History
Digital Image Acquisition
Modes of Digital Image Acquisition
Image Post-Processing
C-Arm Assembly
Vascular Imaging Tables
Contrast Medium Injection Devices
Quality Control

CHAPTER 38 Computed Tomography
Computed Tomography Scanning
The Invention of Computed Tomography
Scanner Generations
The Components of a CT Unit
CT Numbers (Hounsfield Units)
Image Reconstruction
Image Quality
Scanning Procedures
Advanced CT Applications
Artifacts
Radiation Protection

CHAPTER 39 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
History
Instrumentation
MRI Physics
MRI
MR Safety

CHAPTER 40 Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
Nuclear Physics
Radioactive Decay
Radiochemistry and Radiopharmaceuticals
Imaging Instrumentation
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Hybrid Imaging
Nonimaging Instrumentation
Radiation Protection
Clinical Applications
Hybrid Imaging

CHAPTER 41 Radiation Therapy
Historical Overview
Consultation
Treatment Planning
Treatment
Specialized Treatments and Units


CHAPTER 42 Diagnostic Medical Sonography
Introduction
Sound Waves
Attenuation
Range
Field
Doppler
Harmonics
Contrast Agents
Transducer and Components
Instrumentation
APPENDIX A On a New Kind of Rays by W. C. Röntgen
APPENDIX B Fixed and Variable kVp Technique System Charts
APPENDIX C Answers to Case Studies
APPENDIX D Epigraph Sources and Credits
Glossary
Index