Orthotics and Prosthetics in Rehabilitation-4판

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments

Section I: Building Baseline Knowledge

1: Orthotics and Prosthetics in Rehabilitation: Multidisciplinary Approach
Orthotists and Prosthetists
History
Prosthetic and Orthotic Professional Roles and Responsibilities
Disablement Frameworks
Characteristics of Rehabilitation Health Care Teams
Summary

2: Aging and Activity Tolerance: Implications for Orthotic and Prosthetic Rehabilitation
Oxygen Transport System
The Aging Heart
Pulmonary Function in Later Life
Implications for Intervention
Energy Cost of Walking
Summary

3: Motor Control, Motor Learning, and Neural Plasticity in Orthotic and Prosthetic Rehabilitation
Why Think About Motor Control, Motor Learning, or Neuroplastcity?
Theories of Motor Control
Theories of Motor Learning
The Importance of Practice
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Feedback
Application: Case Examples
Summary

4: Evidence-Based Approach to Orthotic and Prosthetic Rehabilitation
What Is Evidence-Based Practice?
Process of Evidence-Based Practice
Step 1: Formulating an Answerable Clinical Question
Step 2: Locating and Accessing the Best Evidence
Step 3: Critically Appraising the Evidence
Step 4: Applicability to Patients and Clinical Practice
Integrating Clinical Expertise and Skill
Summary
Appendix 4.1
Appendix 4.2
Appendix 4.3

5: Clinical Assessment of Gait
Normal Gait
Kinetic and Kinematic Descriptors of Human Walking
Gait Cycle
Describing Pathological Gait
Qualitative Gait Assessment
Instrumented Gait Analysis
Choosing the Appropriate Assessment Tool
Function-Based Assessment
Choosing an Assessment Strategy
Clinical Examples of Gait Deficiencies: Impact of Functional Tasks During Gait
Gait Patterns in Individuals With Amputation
Summary

6: Materials and Technology
Orthotics and Prosthetics in the 20th Century
Materials
Prescription Guidelines
Fabrication Process
Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacture
Central Fabrication and Mass Production
Maintenance of Orthoses and Prostheses
Summary

7: Footwear: Foundation for Lower Extremity Orthoses
Components of a Good Shoe
Proper Fitting of a Shoe: “If the Shoe Fits”
Special Considerations
Flexible and Rigid Flatfoot
Choosing Appropriate Footwear and Socks
Prescription Footwear, Custom-Molded Shoes, Accommodative Molded Orthoses, and Shoe Modifications
Footwear for Common Foot Deformities and Problems
Diagnosis-Related Considerations in Shoe Prescription
Reading the Wear on Shoes
Summary

Section II: Orthoses in Rehabilitation

8: Foot Orthoses
History of the Functional Foot Orthosis
Triplanar Structure of the Foot
Function of the Foot in Gait
Biomechanical Examination
Non–Weight-Bearing Open Chain Examination
Static Weight-Bearing Closed Kinetic Chain Examination
Dynamic Gait Assessment
Functional Foot Orthoses
Goals of Orthotic Intervention
Measurement and Fabrication
Managing Rearfoot Deformity
Managing Forefoot Deformity
Orthotic Checkout and Troubleshooting
Controversy With Root’s Paradigm
Foot Type and Lower Extremity Biomechanics
Foot Type and Lower Extremity Overuse Injuries
Orthoses and Lower Extremity Function
Management of Overuse Injuries
Summary

9: Principles of Lower Extremity Orthoses
Acknowledgments
What Type of Orthosis is Best?
Determinants of Functional Gait
Rockers of Stance Phase
Prefabricated, Custom Fit, or Custom Molded?
Appropriate Footwear
Ankle-Foot Orthoses
Static Ankle-Foot Orthoses
Dynamic Ankle-Foot Orthoses
When Should a Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthosis Be Considered?
Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthosis Design Options
KAFO Delivery and Functional Training
When Is a Hip-Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthosis Indicated?
Hip-Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthosis Design Options
Implications for Rehabilitation
Outcome Measures in Orthotic Rehabilitation
Summary
Case Examples

10: Neurological and Neuromuscular Disease Implications for Orthotic Use
Movement Impairment in Neurological and Neuromuscular Pathology
Differential Diagnosis: Where Is the Problem?
Determinants of Effective Movement
Management of Neuromuscular Impairments
Summary

11: Orthoses for Knee Dysfunction
Introduction
Anatomy of the Knee
Biomechanics of Knee Motion
Knee Orthoses Components
Prophylactic Knee Orthoses
Orthoses for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Insufficiency
Orthoses for Osteoarthritis
Orthoses for Patellofemoral Disorders
Summary

12: Orthoses in Orthopedic Care and Trauma
Bone Structure and Function
Bone Growth and Remodeling Over the Life Span
Orthoses in the Management of Hip Dysfunction
Fracture Management
Summary

13: Orthoses for Spinal Dysfunction
Anatomy and Biomechanics
The Three-Column Concept
Fit and Function of the Spinal Orthosis
Scoliosis
Orthotic Prescription
Summary

14: Orthoses in the Management of Hand Dysfunction
Nomenclature
Anatomy-Related Principles
Tissue Healing
Mechanical Principles
Material and Equipment
Overview of the Orthotic Fabrication Process
Summary

15: Orthoses in Burn Care: Splinting, Orthotics, and Prosthetics in the Management of Burns
Burn Injury
Wound Care
Psychology of Burn Injury
Rehabilitation Intervention
Burn Rehabilitation Interventions
Splinting and Orthotics
Amputation and Prosthetics in Burn Rehabilitation
Education
Summary

16: Prescription Wheelchairs: Seating and Mobility Systems
Principles of Seating and Mobility
The Seating System
The Frame
The Mobility System
The Seating and Mobility Assessment Process
Ordering the Wheelchair
Delivering the Wheelchair
Follow-Up
State of the Art
Summary

Section III: Prostheses in Rehabilitation

17: Etiology of Amputation
Epidemiology of Amputation
Levels of Amputation
Causes of Amputation
Rehabilitation Issues for the Person With an Amputation
Rehabilitation Environment
Summary

18: High-Risk Foot and Wound Healing
Normal Wound Healing
Assessment of the High-Risk Foot
Wound Assessment
Wound Management
Summary

19: Amputation Surgeries for the Lower Limb
Introduction
Indications for Lower Extremity Amputation
Surgical Principles of Amputation
Postoperative Care
Complications
Outcomes
Amputations of the Foot and Ankle
Transtibial Amputation
Knee Disarticulation
Transfemoral Amputation
Hip Disarticulation and Hemipelvectomy
Future Directions
Neuroma Prevention and Treatment
Summary

20: Postoperative and Preprosthetic Care
Patient-Client Management After Amputation
Examination
Process of Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Prognosis
Interventions for Persons With Recent Amputation
Preprosthetic Outcome Assessment
Summary

21: Understanding and Selecting Prosthetic Feet
Acknowledgement
Factors in Selecting a Prosthetic Foot
Performance Features and Appearance of Available Prosthetic Feet
Summary

22: Postsurgical Management of Partial Foot and Syme Amputation
Partial Foot Amputations
Syme Amputation
Summary

23: Transtibial Prosthetics
Evaluation for a Prosthesis
Early Management of a Prosthesis
Prescription of a Prosthesis
Socket Designs
Interface Materials
Suspension
Impression Techniques
Alignment
Additional Features
Finishing Techniques
Deviations in Gait
Troubleshooting
Specialty Prostheses
Summary

24: Transfemoral Prostheses
Components of the Transfemoral Prosthesis
Shank
Knee Unit
Braking Mechanisms
Elevated Vacuum (Subatmospheric) Suspension
Summary

25: Prosthetic Options for Persons With High-Level and Bilateral Amputation
High-Level Lower Limb Loss
Bilateral Lower Limb Loss
Summary

26: Early Rehabilitation in Lower Extremity Dysvascular Amputation
Components of the Physical Therapy Examination
The Evaluation Process
Establishing a Physical Therapy Diagnosis and Prognosis
Preprosthetic Interventions
Early Training for Use of a Prosthesis
Prosthetic Gait Training
Summary

27: Advanced Rehabilitation for People With Microprocessor Knee Prostheses
Historical Development
Overview of Non-Microprocessor Knee Prostheses
Introduction to Microprocessor Knee Prostheses
Microprocessor Knee Prostheses Control Mechanisms
Common Mobility Problems and Potential Solutions
Stairs and Ramps
Outcomes
Prescriptive Cases

28: Athletic Options for Persons With Limb Loss
Introduction
Barriers and Motivation
Organizational Support for Sports or Recreation Participation
Sport Classification29
Summer Paralympic Sports
Winter Paralympic Sports
Non-Paralympic Sports and Recreational Activities for Individuals With Limb Loss
Additional Water Sports and Activities
Prosthetic Components for Athletes With Limb Loss
Prosthetic Components for Athletes With Lower Limb Loss
Athletes With Upper Limb Loss
Children With Limb Loss in Sport
Prosthetics in Sports: What Is Best?

29: Rehabilitation for Children With Limb Deficiencies
Comprehensive Considerations in Childhood
Rehabilitation and Prosthetic Decision Making
Summary

30: Prosthetic Options for Persons With Upper Extremity Amputation
Acknowledgments
Length of the Residual Limb
Etiology of Upper Extremity Amputation
Preprosthetic Care
Prosthetic Options
Passive Functional Prostheses and Restorations
Partial-Hand Prostheses
Disarticulation Considerations
Transradial and Transhumeral Considerations
Body-Powered Components
Body-Powered Control
Electric Components
Externally Powered Control
Hybrid Prostheses
Activity-Specific Prostheses
Summary

31: Rehabilitation for Persons With Upper Extremity Amputation
Rehabilitation after Upper Extremity Amputation
Incidence and Causes of Upper Extremity Amputation
Classification and Functional Implications
Stages of Rehabilitation
Summary
Index