Nelson Pediatrics Board Review-1판

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Preface
Dedication
Contributors
1. Maximizing Test Performance: Effective Study and Test-Taking Strategies
Strategies for More Effective Studying
Effective Approaches to Studying
Strategies for More Effective Test-Taking

Section 1. Allergy
2. Atopic Syndrome
Atopic Syndrome
Atopic Dermatitis
Food Allergies
Allergic Rhinitis
Asthma
3. Allergies, Immunotherapy, and Anaphylaxis
Allergy Testing
Food Allergy
Hymenoptera Allergy
Drug Allergy
Radiocontrast Media Allergy
Immunotherapy
Anaphylaxis
4. Selected Topics in Allergy
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Urticaria
Hereditary Angioedema (HAE)
Mastocytosis
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome (HES)

Section 2. Cardiology
5. Clinical Approach to Common Cardiac Complaints
Hypertension
Chest Pain
Syncope
Murmur
6. Structural Heart Disease: Acyanotic and Cyanotic Lesions
General Approach to Congenital Heart Disease
Cyanosis
Acyanotic Lesions
Atrial Septal Defects (ASD)
Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD)
Pulmonary Stenosis (PS)
Bicuspid Aortic Valve
Coarctation of the Aorta
Cyanotic Lesions
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
Truncus Arteriosus
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)
Severe Pulmonary Stenosis
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)
Tricuspid Atresia
Ebstein Anomaly
7. Acquired Heart Disease
Infective Endocarditis
Rheumatic Fever
Myocarditis
Pericarditis
Kawasaki Disease
8. Selected Topics in Cardiology
Arrhythmias
Congestive Heart Failure
Cardiomyopathies
Hyperlipidemia
Genetics and Cardiology

Section 3. Dermatology
9. Neonatal Skin Disorders
Transient Newborn Skin Eruptions
Sebaceous Hyperplasia
Neonatal Cephalic Pustulosis (Neonatal Acne)
Milia
Miliaria Crystallina
Sucking Blisters
Transient Neonatal Pustular Melanosis
Erythema Toxicum Neonatorum
Congenital Cutaneous Candidiasis (CCC)
Seborrheic Dermatitis (Cradle Cap)
Acropustulosis of Infancy (Infantile Acropustulosis)
Diaper Dermatitis
Cutis Marmorata
Cutis Marmorata Telangiectatica Congenita (CMTC)
Birthmarks
Dermal Melanocytosis (Mongolian Spots)
Nevus Simplex (Salmon Patch)
Capillary Malformation (Port-Wine Stain, Nevus Flammeus)
Infantile Hemangioma (IH)
Congenital Melanocytic Nevi (CMN)
Nevus Depigmentosus
Nevus Anemicus (NA)
Café Au Lait Macules (CALMs)
10. Dermatologic Emergencies
Erythema Multiforme (EM), Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)
Other Drug Reactions
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
Eczema Herpeticum
Necrotizing Fasciitis
Kawasaki Disease
Meningococcemia
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
11. Infectious Dermatology
Bacterial Infections
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)
Community-Acquired MRSA Skin Infections
Erysipelas
Scarlet Fever
Perianal Streptococcal Dermatitis
Lyme Disease
Viral Infections
Varicella
Measles
Rubella
Erythema Infectiosum
Roseola
Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease (HFMD)
Other Viral Exanthems
Warts
Molluscum Contagiosum
Fungal Infections
Candidiasis
Infestations
Lice
12. Selected Topics in Dermatology
Papulosquamous and Eczematous Dermatoses
Psoriasis
Pityriasis Rosea
Atopic Dermatitis
Contact Dermatitis
Acne Vulgaris
Epidermal, Appendageal, and Dermal Tumors
Nevus Sebaceous
Mastocytosis
Autoimmune Disorders
Vitiligo
Melanocytic Lesions
Spitz Nevus
Halo Nevus
Vascular Disorders
Port-Wine Stain
Hair Disorders
Telogen Effluvium
Trichotillomania
Tinea Capitis
Genodermatoses
Incontinentia Pigmenti
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Hereditary Disorders of Cornification

Section 4. Emergency Medicine and Trauma
13. Shock
Overview of Shock
Types of Shock
Sepsis
14. BRUE, SIDS, and Cardiopulmonary Arrest
Brief Resolved Unexplained Event
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Cardiopulmonary Arrest
15. Trauma
Basic Information
Initial Assessment
Specific Trauma Types
Traumatic Injury of the Abdomen
Splenic Injuries
Liver Injuries
Pancreatic Injuries
Hollow Viscera Injuries
Renal and Urinary Tract Trauma
Traumatic Injury of the Spine
Traumatic Injury of the Head
Dental Trauma
Extremity Fractures in Children
Nonaccidental Trauma
16. Bites, Stings, and Wounds
Animal and Insect Bites
Human Bites
Snake Bites
Spider Bites
Brown Recluse (Loxosceles Reclusa)
Prevention of Animal Bites
Stings
Jellyfish Stings
Hymenoptera Stings
Tick Bites
Insect Repellants
Wounds
Lacerations
Puncture Wounds
Tetanus Prophylaxis
17. Heat-Related Illnesses and Pediatric Drowning
Heat-Related Illnesses
Pediatric Drowning
18. Toxicology
Basic Information
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Evaluation
Treatment
19. Selected Topics in Emergency Medicine
Thermal Injuries
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Evaluation
Treatment
Foreign Body Ingestions
Coins and Blunt Objects
Button Batteries
Cylindrical Batteries
Magnets
Additional Categories of Ingestions

Section 5. Endocrinology
20. Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia
Disorders of Hyperglycemia
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Cerebral Edema
Type 2 Diabetes
Metabolic Syndrome
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome
Disorders of Hypoglycemia
General Approach to Hypoglycemia
Transient Newborn Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemic Infant of Diabetic Mother
Hyperinsulinism
Congenital Hyperinsulinism
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Defective counterregulatory hormones
Ketotic Hypoglycemia of Childhood
21. Disorders in Sex Differentiation and Pubertal Development
Normal Sexual Development
Precocious Puberty (PP)
Delayed Puberty
Disorders of Sexual Differentiation
Sex Chromosome and Ovotesticular DSD
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
Male Gynecomastia
Selected Causes of Pathologic Gynecomastia
Anabolic Steroid Use
22. Growth Disorders
Normal Growth
Disorders of Growth
Variations of Normal (Table 22.3)
Short Stature Due to Growth Hormone Deficiency
Differential Diagnosis of Short Stature
Tall Stature
23. Thyroid Disorders
Congenital Hypothyroidism
Central Hypothyroidism
Hashimoto Thyroiditis (Autoimmune Thyroiditis, Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis)
Sick Euthyroid Syndrome
Iatrogenic Hypothyroidism
Thyroid-Binding Globulin Deficiency
Resistance to Thyroid Hormone
Subclinical Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Subacute Thyroiditis (de Quervain Syndrome)
Neonatal Thyrotoxicosis
Thyroid-related Neck Masses
Medullary Thyroid Cancer
Diagnosis:
Treatment
24. Disorders of Calcium Homeostasis
Hypocalcemia
Selected Causes of Hypocalcemia
Hypoparathyroidism
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Rickets and Osteomalacia
Vitamin D Deficiency Rickets
Vitamin D-“Dependent” Rickets
Hypophosphatemic Rickets
Hypophosphatasia
Hypercalcemia
Selected Causes of Hypercalcemia
25. Adrenal Disorders
Adrenal Physiology
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Addison Disease
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Congenital Adrenal Hypoplasia
Other Acquired Causes of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
21-Hydroxylase Deficiency
11β-Hydroxylase Deficiency
3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency
Cushing Syndrome
Pheochromocytoma
26. Endocrine Dysnatremias
Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)
Cerebral Salt Wasting
27. Selected Topics in Endocrinology
Hypopituitarism
Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia

Section 6. Gastroenterology
28. Clinical Approach to Emesis and Diarrhea
Emesis
Diarrhea
29. Clinical Approach to Gastrointestinal Bleed
Basic Information
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Evaluation
Treatment
30. Esophageal and Gastric Disorders
Esophageal Disorders
Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Pill Esophagitis
Infectious Esophagitis
Achalasia
Esophageal Varices
Congenital Anomalies of the Esophagus
Gastric Diseases
H. pylori Gastritis
Other Infectious Causes of Gastritis
Reactive Gastritis
Medication-Induced Gastritis
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES)
Eosinophilic Gastritis
Ménétrier Disease
Toxic Ingestions
Esophageal Injuries
Foreign Bodies
Bezoars
Congenital Anomalies of the Stomach
31. Intestinal Disorders
Abdominal Emergencies
Intussusception
Malrotation of the Bowel and Volvulus
Meckel’s Diverticulum
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Congenital Intestinal Malformations
Jejunal and Ileal Atresia
Omphalocele
Gastroschisis
Hirschsprung Disease
Meconium Ileus
Small Left Colon Syndrome
Intestinal Duplication Cyst
Anal Atresia
Intestinal Complications
Malabsorptive Disorders
Diagnosis and Evaluation
Protein-Losing Enteropathy (PLE)
Disaccharidase Deficiencies
Toddler’s Diarrhea
Inflammatory Disorders
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP)
Microscopic Colitis
Other Intestinal Disorders
Hemorrhoid
Polyposis Syndromes
Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) Syndrome
32. Hepatobiliary Disorders and Liver Failure
Approach to Elevated Liver Enzymes
Approach to Hepatomegaly
Bilirubin Metabolism and Jaundice
Neonatal Jaundice
Breastfeeding Jaundice
Breast Milk Jaundice
Gilbert Syndrome
Crigler-Najjar
Rotor Syndrome
Dubin-Johnson Syndrome
Obstructive Biliary Diseases
Cholecystitis
Cholestatic Liver Diseases
Biliary Atresia (BA)
Alagille Syndrome (ALGS)
Choledochal cyst
Cholestasis Beyond Infancy
Autoimmune Liver Disease (AILD)
Infectious Hepatitis
Hepatitis B (HBV)
Hepatitis C (HCV)
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Metabolic Liver Diseases
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
Hepatorenal Tyrosinemia
Drug- and Toxin-Induced Liver Injury
Portal Hypertension (PHTN)
Ascites
Acute Liver Failure
33. Pancreatic Disorders
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI)
Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome (SDS)
Acute Pancreatitis (AP)
Chronic Pancreatitis (CP)
34. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome
Abdominal Migraine
Rumination Syndrome
Functional Dyspepsia
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Functional Abdominal Pain—Not Otherwise Specified
Clinical Presentation

Section 7. Genetics and Dysmorphology
35. Selected Topics in Genetics and Dysmorphology
Modes of Inheritance
Teratogens
Aneuploidy Syndromes
Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome)
Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome)
Syndromes with Craniosynostosis
Syndromes with Pubertal Phenotypes
Noonan Syndrome
Klinefelter Syndrome
Fragile X Syndrome (FRX)
Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS)
Syndromes with Dermatologic Findings
Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2)
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC)
Incontinentia Pigmenti
Syndromes with Unique Behavioral Phenotypes
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome (LNS)
Rett Syndrome
Williams Syndrome
Huntington Disease (HD)
Syndromes with Disordered Growth
Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita (AMC)
Jeune Asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy (JATD)
Syndromes With Connective Tissue Phenotypes
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS)
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)
Syndromes with Difficult Airways
Pierre-Robin Sequence (PRS)
Goldenhar Syndrome
Russell-Silver Syndrome (RSS)
Syndromes with Wilms Tumor Risk
Denys-Drash Syndrome (DDS)
WAGR Syndrome
Isolated Hemihyperplasia (IH)
Syndromes With Hereditary Cancers
Hereditary Breast/Ovarian Cancer (HBOC)
Syndromes with Mitochondrial Phenotypes
Leigh Syndrome
Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-Like Episodes (MELAS)
High-Yield Syndromes
Cri-du-Chat (5p Minus Syndrome)
CHARGE Syndrome
VACTERL Association
Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome (WHS)
Cat eye syndrome (CES)

Section 8. Hematology
36. Anemia and Erythrocyte Disorders
Anemia Overview
Microcytic Anemia with Low/Inadequate Reticulocytes
Lead Poisoning
Microcytic Anemia and High Reticulocytes
Normocytic Anemia with Low/Inadequate Reticulocytes
Normocytic Anemia with High Reticulocytes
G6PD Deficiency
Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)
Neonatal Hemolytic Anemia
Non-Neonatal Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA)
Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemias (HUS, TTP)
Macrocytic Anemia with Low/Inadequate Reticulocytes
Diamond Blackfan Anemia
Hemoglobin Poisonings
37. Platelet Disorders and Coagulopathies
Overview of Bleeding Diatheses
Thrombocytopenias
Immune Thrombocytopenia
Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia (NAIT)
Kasabach-Merritt Phenomenon
Thrombocytopenia with absent Radii Syndrome (TAR)
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS)
von Willebrand Disease (vWD)
Hemophilia
Other Causes of Inadequate Fibrin Clot Formation
Causes of Thrombosis
38. Selected Topics in Hematology
Neutropenia
Pancytopenia
Erythrocytosis (Polycythemia)
Transfusion Reactions

Section 9. Immunology
39. Clinical Approach to Suspected Immune Deficiency
Basic Information
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Evaluation
Treatment
40. Phagocyte Disorders
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
Leukocyte Adhesion Disorder (LAD)
Myeloperoxidase (MPO Deficiency)
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome (CHS)
41. Humoral and Combined Immunodeficiencies
Agammaglobulinemia
Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)
IgA Deficiency
Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia of Infancy (THI)
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS)
Hyper IgM Syndrome (HIMS)
42. Selected Topics in Immunology
Complement Disorders
Syndromes Associated With Immunodeficiency

Section 10. Infectious Diseases
43. Clinical Approach to Common Infectious Disease Complaints
Definition of Sepsis
Approach to Neonatal Infections and Sepsis
Infections in Immunocompromised Hosts
Transmission and Prevention of Infectious Diseases
44. Bacteria
High-Yield Gram-Positive Cocci
Staphylococcus aureus
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus
Streptococcus agalactiae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Enterococcus
High-Yield Gram-Negative Rods
Escherichia coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Common Gastrointestinal Infections
Salmonella Species
Shigella Species
Helicobacter pylori
Clostridium difficile
Atypical Respiratory Infections
Chlamydia/Chlamydophila pneumoniae
Bordetella pertussis
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)
Mycobacteria
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
High-Yield Bacteria With Unique Presentations
Neisseria meningitidis
Clostridium botulinum
Tickborne Zoonoses
Rickettsial Diseases (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Ehrlichiosis, Anaplasmosis)
Francisella tularensis (Tularemia)
Babesia microti (Babesiosis)
Other Zoonoses
Chlamydia/Chlamydophila psittaci (Psittacosis)
Listeria monocytogenes
Yersinia enterocolitica
Brucella
Pasteurella multocida
Leptospira
Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever)
Yersinia pestis (Plague)
Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)
45. Viruses
Vaccine-Preventable Viral Infections
Measles Virus
Mumps Virus
Rubella Virus
Varicella-Zoster Virus
Influenza Virus
Human Papillomavirus
Respiratory Viral Infections
Parainfluenza Virus
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Human Metapneumovirus
Gastrointestinal Viral Infections
Rotavirus
Norovirus and Sapovirus
Hepatitis A Virus
Hepatitis B Virus
Hepatitis C Virus
Herpes Family Viruses
Cytomegalovirus
Epstein-Barr Virus
Herpes Simplex Virus
Other Common Systemic Viral Infections
Human Herpesvirus Type 6 (Roseola)
Parvovirus B19 (Erythema Infectiosum)
Adenovirus
Enteroviruses (Echo-, Coxsackie-, Numbered Entero-, Poliomyelitis)
Additional Infections
Rabies virus
Arbovirus (West Nile Virus, Dengue Fever)
46. Fungi, Worms, and Parasites
Fungi
Aspergillus
Endemic Mycoses
Cryptococcus
Pneumocystis
Worms
Ascaris lumbricoides
Enterobius vermicularis
Necator americanus
Cysticercosis
Protozoa
47. Therapeutic Agents in Infectious Diseases
Antibacterial Drugs
Antibiotic Agents
Antiviral Agents (Other Than Antiretroviral Agents)
Antifungal Agents

Section 11. Metabolism
48. Clinical Approach to Suspected Metabolic Disorders
Approach to the Child with a Potential Inborn Error of Metabolism (IEM)
Disorders of Hypoglycemia (Fig. 48.1)
Hyperammonemia (Fig. 48.2)
Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (Fig. 48.3)
49. Review of Selected Metabolic Disorders
General Overview of Metabolism
Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism
Disorders of Branched-Chain Amino Acid (BCCA) Metabolism (Including Organic Acidurias)
Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD, BCKDH Deficiency)
Isovaleric Aciduria (IVA, Isovaleryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency)
3-Methylcrotonylcarboxylase Deficiency
Propionic Aciduria (Propionic Acidemia, Propionyl-CoA Carboxylase Deficiency, PA)
Methylmalonic Aciduria (MMA, Methylmalonic Acidemia, Mut0, Mut-, Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase Deficiency)
Disorders of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Metabolism
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Tyrosinemia I (Hepatorenal Tyrosinemia, Fumarylacetoacetase Deficiency)
Transient Tyrosinemia of the Newborn
Alkaptonuria
Disorders of Methionine and Cysteine Metabolism
Cystathionine Beta Synthase Deficiency (CBS, Homocystinuria, Homocysteinemia)
Disorders of other amino acids
Disorders of Amino Acid Transport
Cystinuria
Urea Cycle Disorders
Disorders of Fat Metabolism
Carnitine Transporter Deficiency
Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase Ii (CPT2) Deficiency
Very-Long-Chain Acyl-CoA (VLCAD) Deficiency
Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase (MCAD) Deficiency
Short-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase (SCAD) Deficiency
Multiple Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (MADD, Glutaric Aciduria Type 2)
Short-Chain Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase (SCHAD) Deficiency
Disorders of Ketone Metabolism
Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism
Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase (GALT) Deficiency (Classic Galactosemia)
Disorders of Fructose Metabolism
Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
Disorders of Gluconeogenesis
Glycogen Storage Disorders
Glycogen Storage Disease I (Von Gierke Disease)
Glycogen Storage Disease Ii (Pompe Disease, Acid Maltase Deficiency, Alpha-Glucosidase Deficiency)
Disorders of Glucose Transport
GLUT1 Deficiency
Disorders of Multiple Intermediary Metabolism (Cofactor Metabolic Defects)
Disorders of Organelle Metabolism
Disorders of Peroxisomal Metabolism
Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorder (PBD) Spectrum (Zellweger Spectrum, ZS, Neonatal Adrenoleukodystrophy, and
Infantile Refsum Disease)
Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata (RCDP)
X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (XALD)
Lysosomal Storage Disorders (LSDs)
MPS
MPS I (Hurler, Hurler-Scheie, and Scheie Syndromes; Alpha-L-Iduronidase Deficiency)
MPS Ii (Hunter Syndrome; Iduronate-2-Sulfatase Deficiency)
MPS Iii (Sanfilippo Syndrome)
Sphingolipidoses
Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses
Disorders of Glycosylation
Disorders of Purine Metabolism
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome

Section 12. Nephrology
50. Management of Fluids and Electrolytes
Water Balance
Hypovolemia
Hypervolemia
Sodium Balance
Hyponatremia
Hypernatremia
Potassium Balance
Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
Calcium Balance
Hypocalcemia
Hypercalcemia
51. Clinical Approach to Acid-Base Disturbances
Review of Acid-Base Physiology
Approach to Acid-Base Dysregulation
Metabolic Acidosis
Increased Anion Gap Acidosis
Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)
Type I (Distal) RTA
Type II (Proximal) RTA
Type III (Mixed) RTA
Type IV (Hyperkalemic) RTA
Metabolic Alkalosis
Respiratory Acidosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
52. Clinical Approach to Common Complaints in Nephrology
Hematuria
Proteinuria
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
Neonatal AKI
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
53. Nephritic and Nephrotic Syndromes
Nephrotic Syndrome
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
Nephritic Syndromes
Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (PSGN)
Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis (PIGN)
IgA Nephropathy
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP) Nephritis
Lupus Nephritis (LN, Also Known as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [SLE] Nephritis)
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)
Alport Syndrome
54. Selected Topics in Nephrology
Infections of the Urinary Tract
Nephrolithiasis and Related Disorders
Hypertension
Renal Vein Thrombosis
Cystic Kidney Diseases
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)
Nephronophthisis
Meckel-Gruber Syndrome
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome

Section 13. Neurology
55. Pediatric Neurologic Assessment
Neurologic Assessment
Approach to Neuroimaging
56. Altered Mental Status and Headache
Altered Mental Status
Central Nervous System Infections—Meningitis and Encephalitis
Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome (RPLS)
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis
Brain Death or Irreversible Cessation of All Brain Function
Pediatric Headache
Migraines
Migraines with Aura
Hemiplegic Migraine
Tension Headache
Pseudotumor Cerebri
57. Seizures
Basic Information
Clinical Presentation and Evaluation
Treatment
Nonepileptic Events and Seizure Mimics
58. Weakness and Ataxia
General Approach to Weakness
Localization: Brain
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
Localization: Spinal Cord
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)
Acute Flaccid Myelitis
Localization: Nerve Root, Plexus, and/or Peripheral Nerve
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)
Tick Paralysis
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) Disease
Localization: Neuromuscular Junction
Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes
Transient Neonatal Myasthenia Gravis
Localization: Muscle
Myotonic Dystrophy
Acute Cerebellar Ataxia
Ataxia-Telangiectasia
Friedreich Ataxia
59. Congenital Malformations of the Central Nervous System
Failure of Caudal Neural Tube Closure
Failure of Rostral Neural Tube Closure
Malformations of Cortical Development
Disorders of Midline Structure Formation
Disorders of Posterior Fossa Formation
Other Posterior Fossa Structural Disorders
60. Selected Topics in Neurology
Pediatric Stroke
Neonatal Stroke
Cerebral Sinovenous Thrombosis (CSVT)
Vascular Anomalies
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Pediatric Movement Disorders
Hypokinetic Movement Disorders
Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders
Chorea/Athetosis
Tics
Stereotypies
Tremor
Narcolepsy
Sleep Terrors and Sleepwalking

Section 14. Oncology
61. Hematologic Malignancies
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML)
Lymphoma
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
62. Neuroblastoma and Brain Tumors
Neuroblastoma
Neuro-oncology
63. Solid Tumors
Kidney and Liver Neoplasms
Hepatoblastoma
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Germ Cell Tumors
Mesenchymal Tumors (Bone and Muscle)
Ewing Sarcoma
Osteoid Osteoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
64. Selected Topics in Oncology
Complications in the Early Course of the Malignancy
Spinal Cord Compression (SCC)
Complications on Treatment Initiation
Febrile Neutropenia
Typhlitis
Mucositis
Radiation Therapy Induces Local Trauma
Chemotherapy Complications
Complications Specific for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome (SOS)
Thrombotic Microangiopathy (TMA)
Infectious Complications and HSCT

Section 15. Ophthalmology
65. Clinical Approach to Common Ophthalmologic Complaints
Essentials in Funduscopy
Leukocoria (White Pupil)
Traumatic Eye Injuries
66. Disorders of Eye Alignment and Motility
Esotropia (Inward Deviation of Eyes)
Exotropia (Outward Deviation)
Hypertropia or Hypotropia (Vertical Misalignment)
67. External Disorders of the Eye
Ptosis
Hordeolum/Chalazion
Periorbital Cellulitis
Orbital Cellulitis
Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction
Corneal and Anterior Segment Disorders
Diagnosis and Evaluation
Treatment
Corneal Abrasion/Ulcer
Episcleritis/Scleritis
Iritis/Uveitis
Herpetic Keratitis
Congenital Cataracts
68. Disorders of the Posterior Segment
Childhood Glaucoma
Papilledema
Optic Neuritis
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP)
Shaken Baby Syndrome/Nonaccidental Trauma
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)
Retinoblastoma

Section 16. Otorhinolaryngology
69. Disorders of the Ear and Audition
Pediatric Hearing Loss
Otalgia
Disorders of the External Ear
Preauricular Pits and Sinuses
Auricular Hematoma
Perichondritis
Disorders of the External Auditory Canal
Cerumen Impaction
Otitis Externa (OE)
Ear Foreign Body
Disorders of the Middle Ear
Acute Otitis Media (AOM)
Recurrent Otitis Media (ROM)
Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media
Mastoiditis
Cholesteatoma
Tympanostomy Tubes (Ear Tubes)
Disorders of the Inner Ear
Inner Ear Infections
70. Disorders of the Nose and Sinuses
Nose
Rhinitis
Choanal Atresia
Epistaxis
Polyps
Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma
Nasal Trauma
Nasal Foreign Body
Sinuses
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Evaluation
Treatment
Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Sinus Trauma
71. Disorders of the Oropharynx and Neck
Disorders of the Oral cavity and Oropharynx
Ankyloglossia
Tonsillar and Adenoid Hypertrophy
Other Causes of Oropharyngeal Airway Obstruction
Infectious Pharyngitis and Stomatitis
Noninfectious Pharyngitis and Stomatitis
Pediatric Neck Masses
Midline Neck Masses
Dermoid and Epidermoid Cyst
Teratoma
Cervical Thymic Cyst
Laryngocele
Lateral Neck Masses
Noninfectious, Nonneoplastic Lymphadenopathy
Cervical Malignancies
Branchial Cleft Anomalies
Lymphatic Malformation
Infantile Hemangioma
Fibromatosis Colli
Disorders of the Salivary Glands
Sialadenitis
Juvenile Recurrent Parotitis
Other Infectious Disorders
Peritonsillar Abscess
Retropharyngeal Abscess (RPA)
Parapharyngeal Abscess

Section 17. Orthopedics
72. Common Orthopedic Injuries
Fractures Involving the Physis
Buckle (Torus) Fractures
Shoulder and Clavicle Injuries
Acromioclavicular (AC) Sprain/Separation
Shoulder Dislocation
Proximal Humeral Epiphysiolysis
Upper-Extremity Injuries
Treatment
Lateral Condyle Fracture
Nursemaid’s Elbow
Medial Epicondyle Apophysitis
Forearm Diaphyseal Fracture
Distal Radius and Ulna Fracture
Monteggia and Galeazzi Fracture
Carpal Fracture
Metacarpal Fracture
Lower-Extremity Injuries
Diagnosis and Evaluation
Femoral Shaft Fractures
Ankle Sprains
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury
Patellar Instability
Toddler’s Fracture
Lower-Extremity Overuse Injuries
Osgood-Schlatter Syndrome
Sinding-Larsen-Johansson Syndrome
Iliotibial Band Syndrome
73. Selected Topics in Orthopedics
Compartment Syndrome
Hip
Developmental Hip Dysplasia (DDH)
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)
Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease (LCP)
Lower-Extremity Alignment/Deformity
Angular Deformity
Tibia Vara (Blount Disease)
Post-Traumatic Tibia Valga (Cozen Fracture)
Rotational Deformities
In-Toeing
Leg Length Discrepancy
Toe Walking
Foot and Ankle
Talipes Equinovarus (Clubfoot)
Polydactyly
Pes Planovalgus (Flatfoot)
Cavovarus Foot
Neck and Spine
Scoliosis
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Congenital Scoliosis
Neuromuscular Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Postural Kyphosis
Structural Kyphosis
Infection
Septic Arthritis
Transient Synovitis of the Hip

Section 18. Pulmonology
74. Clinical Approach to Common Pulmonologic Complaints
Cough
Noisy Breathing (Upper Airway Obstruction)
Wheezing
Cyanosis
Vocal Cord Dysfunction
Reflux and Aspiration
75. Neonatal Lung Disorders
Apnea of Prematurity
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema
Neonatal Pneumonia
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn
Surfactant Protein Deficiency
Tracheoesophageal Fistula
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn
Congenital Lung Malformations
Congenital Lobar Emphysema
Bronchopulmonary Sequestration
Bronchogenic Cyst
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Pulmonary Hypoplasia
Pulmonary Agenesis and Pulmonary Aplasia
Pulmonary Lymphangiectasia
76. Disorders of the Upper and Lower Airways
Upper Respiratory Tract Disorders
Laryngomalacia
Vocal Cord Paralysis (VCP)
Subglottic Stenosis (SGS)
Tracheomalacia
Vascular Rings
Croup (Viral Laryngotracheobronchitis/Viral Laryngotracheitis)
Spasmodic Croup (Recurrent Croup)
Epiglottitis
Bacterial Tracheitis (BT)
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
Lower Airway Disorders
Bronchiolitis
Foreign Body Aspiration
Chronic Pulmonary Aspiration
Bronchiectasis
Asthma
77. Parenchymal and Extrapulmonary Disorders
Parenchymal Disorders
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (see Chapter 75)
Extrapulmonary Disorders
Parapneumonic Effusions and Empyema
Pneumothorax
Thoracic Deformities
78. Systemic Diseases With Pulmonary Involvement
Cystic Fibrosis
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Neuromuscular Diseases
Primary Immunodeficiency
Rheumatologic Disorders
Oncologic Disorders

Section 19. Psychiatry
79. Selected Topics in Psychiatry
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Disruptive Behavior Disorders and Aggression
Anxiety Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (OCD)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Major Depressive Disorder and Persistent Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders (Conversion Disorder)
Psychosis and Thought Disorders
Suicidal and Nonsuicidal Self-Injurious (NSSI) Behaviors

Section 20. Rheumatology
80. Clinical Approach to Arthritis
History
Diagnosis and Evaluation
81. Inflammatory Arthritis
Reactive Arthritis
Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF)
Poststreptococcal Reactive Arthritis (PSRA)
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
82. Collagen Vascular Diseases
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Neonatal Lupus Erythematosus
Juvenile Dermato‑myositis
Scleroderma
83. Selected Topics in Rheumatology
Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP)
Kawasaki Disease (KD)
Other Vasculitides
Sarcoidosis
Serum Sickness and Serum Sickness–Like Reactions
Benign Nocturnal Pains of Childhood
Benign Joint Hypermobility
Functional Joint Complaints

Section 21. Urology
84. Disorders of the Collecting System, Kidney, Bladder, and Urethra
Disorders of the Kidney
Renal Ectopia
Solitary Kidney
Cystic Kidney Diseases
Disorders of the Collecting System
Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction (UPJO)
Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)
Megaureter/Ureterovesical junction (UVJ) obstruction
Ureterocele
Ectopic Ureter
Stone Disease
Disorders of the Bladder
Neurogenic Bladder (NGB)
Nonneurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction
Bladder Exstrophy
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Urachal Anomalies
Disorders of the Urethra
Imperforate Anus
Cloaca
Other Urethral Disorders
Spinning Top Urethral Deformity
Urethral Duplication
Urethrorrhagia
85. Disorders of the Male Genital System
Penile Anomalies
Priapism
Disorders of Sexual Differentiation (DSD)
Hypospadias
Epispadias
Scrotum/Testes
Hydrocele/Hernia
Varicocele
Spermatocele
Testicular Torsion
Testicular Appendage or Epididymal Appendage Torsion
Epididymitis/Orchitis
Testicular Tumors

Section 22. Ambulatory Pediatrics
86. Nutrition
Nutritional Assessment
Malnutrition and Failure to Thrive
Obesity
Nutritional Requirements
Restriction Diets
Infant Feeding
Nutritional Support
Nutritional Considerations for Specific Diseases
Short Bowel Syndrome
Renal Disease
Cardiac Disease
Cystic Fibrosis
Critical Illness
Neurologic Impairment
87. Immunizations
Hepatitis B (HepB) Vaccine
Rotavirus (RV) Vaccine
Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis Vaccines
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Vaccine
Pneumococcal Vaccine
Poliovirus Vaccine
Influenza Vaccine
Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) Vaccine
Varicella-Zoster Virus (VAR) Vaccine
Hepatitis A (HepA) Vaccine
Meningococcal Vaccine
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine
Immunizations for Travel
Special Populations
Adverse Reactions to Vaccine Constituents
Vaccine-Hesitant Family
88. Preventive Pediatrics
Screening Tests
Disease Prevention
Anticipatory Guidance
89. Normal Development and Disorders of Cognition, Language, and Learning
Normal Development
Speech Delay
Learning Disabilities
Intellectual Disability
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
Rett Syndrome
90. Child Abuse and Neglect
Obligations and Duties
Physical Abuse
Sexual Abuse
Psychological (Emotional) Abuse
Neglect
Caregiver-Fabricated Illness (Formerly Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy)
Failure to Thrive

Section 23. Adolescent Medicine
91. Menstrual Disorders and Hormonal Contraception
Menstrual Disorders
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
Amenorrhea
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Dysmenorrhea
Premenstrual Syndrome/ Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Long-Acting Reversible Contraception
Other Progestin-Only Methods
Combined Hormonal Contraceptives
Emergency Contraception
Additional Contraception
92. Infectious Diseases of the Genital Tract
Overview
Screening and Prevention
STDs Presenting with Genital, Anal, or Perianal Ulcers
Herpes Simplex Virus
Syphilis
Chancroid
Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis)
Lymphogranuloma Venereum
STDs Presenting with Urethritis and Cervicitis
Gonococcal Infections
Disseminated Gonococcal Infection
Chlamydial Infections
Epididymitis
Infections with Vaginal Discharge
Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
Trichomoniasis
Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Human Papillomavirus Infection (HPV)
Proctitis
Ectoparasitic Infections
Scabies
93. Selected Topics in Gynecology
Clinical Exam of Female Genital Tract
Disorders of the External Genitalia
Labial Adhesions
Imperforate Hymen
Bartholin Gland Cysts
Sebaceous Glands
Lichen Sclerosis
Irritant Vulvovaginitis
Infectious Vulvovaginitis
Disorders of the Upper Genital Tract
Ovarian Torsion
Ectopic Pregnancy
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
94. Selected Topics in Adolescent Medicine
Causes of Adolescent Mortality
Psychologic Growth and Development
Minors’ Rights and Emancipation
Eating Disorders
Refeeding Syndrome
Substance Abuse
Alcohol
Tobacco
Marijuana
Synthetic Marijuana
Inhalants
Hallucinogens
Phencyclidine
Cocaine
Methamphetamine, Amphetamines
Opiates
Bath Salts
95. Selected Topics in Prenatal Medicine and Obstetrics
Pregnancy
Genetic Diagnostic Procedures
Ultrasounds in Pregnancy
Assessment of Fetal Well-Being
Ultrasound Diagnosis of Fetal Conditions
Multifetal Gestation
Fetal Exposures during Pregnancy
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
Alloimmunization
Postterm Pregnancy
Labor and Delivery
Neonatal Cranial Injuries
Postdelivery Care
Infant Mortality
Adolescent Pregnancy

Section 24. Research and Statistics
96. Clinical Epidemiology
Common Terms and Concepts in Research
Validity and Reliability of Diagnostic and Screening Tests
Sources of Error in Measurement, Interpretation, or Analysis
Statistical Hypotheses, Significance, and Power
Study Design
Measures of Risk Reduction (See Also Fig. 96.1)
Acknowledgment

Section 25. Ethics
97. Ethics
Ethical Theories
Mediation
Professionalism
Selected Ethical Issues
Code Status
Organ Donation and Autopsy
Euthanasia
Religious and Philosophical Objections
Research
New Frontiers

Section 26. Patient Safety and Quality Improvement
98. Patient Safety and Quality Improvement
Introduction to Patient Safety
Core Principles of Quality Improvement
Index