Sex Differences in Neurology and Psychiatry Volume 175-1판(E-BOOK포함)

Section I: Sex differences in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology

Chapter 1: Structural differences between male and female brains
Abstract
Why Sex Matters: Searching for Differences Between Male and Female Brains
A Short Detour Into the World (of Human Brain Mapping): Global, Regional, and Local
A Mixed Bag: A Multitude of (Conflicting) Findings Based on Structural MRI
Why Size Matters: The Possible Confounding Impact of Total Brain Volume
Conclusions
Acknowledgments

Chapter 2: Beyond sex differences and a male–female continuum: Mosaic brains in a multidimensional space
Abstract
The Basis of the Mosaic Hypothesis: Studies in Laboratory Animals
Testing the Mosaic Hypothesis
A Comment on the Source of Differences Between Women and Men
Typical and Rare Brain “Types”
Criticism of the Mosaic Hypothesis
Moving from a Male–Female Continuum to a Multidimension Space
Conclusions

Chapter 3: Sex differences and brain development during puberty and adolescence
Abstract
Introduction
Sex Effects on Anatomical Brain Changes Across Childhood and Adolescence
Behavioral and Functional Brain Changes and Sex Effects
Gender Identity Development
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments

Chapter 4: Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and stress
Abstract
Introduction
Animal Models
Human Studies
Comparison Between Preclinical and Clinical Studies
Conclusions

Chapter 5: Spatial skills
Abstract
Introduction
Types of Spatial Skills Underlying Navigation
Spatial Navigation
Cognitive and Neural Models
Conclusions

Chapter 6: Gender differences in language are small but matter for disorders
Abstract
Why Should Neuroscientists Care about Language?
Gender, Evolution and Language
Language and Gender in the Normal Population
Language and Gender in Disorders and in the Diseased Brain
Neurodegenerative Disorders
Acquired Neurologic Deficits
Psychiatric Disorders
Summary and Synthesis

Chapter 7: Sex differences in cognition and aging and the influence of sex hormones
Abstract
Introduction
Sex Differences in Adult Cognition
Sex Hormones and Cognition Across the Lifespan: Prenatal Androgen Exposure, Puberty and Adulthood
Sex Hormones and Cognition Across the Lifespan: Menopause
Sex Hormones and Cognition Across the Lifespan: Aging
Hormone Treatments for Cognitive Decline
Overall Conclusion

Chapter 8: Sex and the serotonergic underpinnings of depression and migraine
Abstract
Introduction
The Human Serotonin System and Its Assessment Using PET
Sex, Sex Hormones, and Serotonin Neurotransmission: Animal Research
Sex, Sex Hormones, and Serotonin Neurotransmission: Human Studies
Migraine, the Serotonergic System, and Sex Hormones
Conclusion

Chapter 9: Sex and the dopaminergic system: Insights from addiction studies
Abstract
Introduction
Dopamine Neurobiology
Dopamine and Sex Hormones
Dopamine and Genetics
Dopamine and Cognition
Dopamine and Addiction
Discussion

Chapter 10: Sex and the noradrenergic system
Abstract
The Locus Coeruleus as a Sexually Dimorphic Regulator of Central Nervous System Function
Sex Differences in Locus Coeruleus Anatomy and Morphology
Impact of Ovarian Hormones on Locus Coeruleus Physiology and Function
Sex-Biased Regulation of Locus Coeruleus Neurons by Stress and Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
Sex Biased Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Signaling and Its Potential Link to Alzheimer's Disease
Clinical Evidence for Human Sex Differences in Locus Coeruleus Structure and Function
Indirect Evidence for the Contribution of Locus Coeruleus Sex Differences to Sex-Biased Disease
Conclusions

Section II: Genes, hormones and epigenetic mechanisms

Chapter 11: Genetics of sex differences in neuroanatomy and function
Abstract
Introduction
Classic vs Emerging Views on Sex Differences
Hormones vs Sex Chromosomes
Candidate Sex Chromosomal Genes Influencing Sex Differences in the Brain
Steroid Receptor Genes
Neurochemistry
Genetic Sex Differences in Neurologic and Psychiatric Disorders
Alternative Approaches to Study Genetic Mechanisms of Sex Differences
Conclusions

Chapter 12: Sex hormones and human brain function
Abstract
Introduction
Methods to Study the Effects of Sex Hormones
Estradiol and Progesterone
Testosterone
Conclusion

Chapter 13: Environmental epigenetics of sex differences in the brain
Abstract
Introduction
Epigenetics of Developmental Sex Differences: Hormones and Beyond
Stress, Epigenome, and Critical Windows of Development
Grandma and Grandpa's Curse
Future of Epigenetics in Sex Differences Research
Section III: Sex differences in neurologic disorders

Chapter 14: Brain structural and neuroendocrine basis of sex differences in epilepsy
Abstract
Introduction
Sex Differences in Seizure Disorders
Sexual Dimorphism in Structural and Functional Connections and Circuits
Neuroendocrine Mechanisms of Sex Differences in Seizures
Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments

Chapter 15: Neuroinflammation
Abstract
Introduction
Neuroinflammation: Glial Response and Cytokines
CNS Adaptive Immune Response
Role of Sex Hormones
Acute and Chronic Brain Injury
Neuroinflammation in Neurologic Illnesses
Neuroinflammation in Psychiatric Illnesses
Conclusion and Future Directions
Further Readings

Chapter 16: Sex difference in Alzheimer's disease: An updated, balanced and emerging perspective on
differing vulnerabilities
Abstract
Introduction
Alzheimer's Disease
Etiologies of AD
How Might Sex Influence AD?
Survival Bias in Sex Difference at Very Advanced Ages
Sex and Overall Epidemiology of AD
Sex and Prevalence of AD
Sex and Lifetime Risk of AD
Sex and Incidence of AD
Sex, Mortality, and Disease Course in AD
Sex, Biomarkers, and AD
Sex, APOE4, and AD risk
Sex Differences in Hormone Replacement Therapy Trials for AD
Conclusions and Future Directions

Chapter 17: Sex differences in movement disorders
Abstract
Introduction
Parkinson's Disease
Other Parkinsonian Disorders
Essential Tremor
Huntington's Disease and Other Hyperkinetic Disorders
Other Movement Disorders
Conclusions

Chapter 18: Sex/gender differences in neurology and psychiatry: Autism
Abstract
Introduction
Sex/Gender Differences and Similarities in Clinical Presentation
The Associations Between Sex/Gender and Etiologic Mechanisms of Autism
Future Research Directions

Chapter 19: Sex differences in stroke
Abstract
Introduction
The Disease
The Acute Phase
The Postacute Phase
Conclusions

Section IV: Sex differences in psychiatric disorders

Chapter 20: Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
Abstract
Schizophrenia: Old Wine in New Bottles and New Wine in Old Bottles
Sex, Gender, and Schizophrenia
Clinical Expression: Thoughts, Feelings, and Behaviors
Clinical Services and Practice
From Theory and Research to Clinical Service
Developmental Framework for Sex and Schizophrenia
Treatment Implications
What Does the Group-Level Data Tell Us About Sex Differences and How Are they Significant?
Thoughts for the Future

Chapter 21: Sex differences in stress-related disorders: Major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and
posttraumatic stress disorder
Abstract
Introduction
Stress- and Arousal-Related Systems
Sex Differences in the Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Mood Disorders
Physiology of the Major Hypothalamic Stress Systems
Changes in the Major Hypothalamic Stress Systems in Mood Disorders, Putting the HPA-Axis in the Center
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Stress Systems and Their Sex Differences in PTSD
Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgments

Chapter 22: The role of sex and gender in anxiety disorders: Being scared “like a girl”?
Abstract
Clinical Presentation
Epidemiology
Course and Comorbidity
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusion

Chapter 23: Obsessive–compulsive and related disorders
Abstract
Introduction
Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Hoarding Disorder
Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling) Disorder
Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder
Conclusion

Chapter 24: Feeding and eating disorders
Abstract
Epidemiology
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge-Eating Disorder
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
Other Diagnoses
Understanding the Etiology of Eating Disorders
Treatment of Eating Disorders
Summary

Chapter 25: Sex differences in antisocial and aggressive disorders that onset in childhood and persist into
adulthood
Abstract
Diagnoses
The Phenotype Early-Onset, Stable, Antisocial, and Aggressive Behavior
Heterogeneity of the Phenotype
Genetic Factors Promoting ESAAB
Epigenetics
The Role of Adversity or Trauma
Autonomic Nervous System Correlates of ESAAB
Neural Correlates of ESAAB
Abnormalities of Gray and White Matter Structures
Persistence of Structural Abnormalities among Females Presenting EASSB
Neural Functioning
Traumatic Brain Injuries
Treatment for ESAAB
Conclusions

Chapter 26: Addiction among women and sexual minority groups
Abstract
Introduction
Alcohol Use in Women
Women and the Opioid Epidemic
Cocaine Use in Women
Marijuana Use in Women
Alcohol and Substance Abuse in the LGBTQ Community
Alcohol or Drug Use During Pregnancy
Conclusion

Section V: Gender medicine: Towards a gender-specific treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders

Chapter 27: Gender medicine: Towards a gender-specific treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders
Abstract
Introduction: Gender Medicine in Neuropsychiatry, Neurology, and Neurosurgery
Why Are Gender-Adapted Guidelines Necessary?
Sex and Gender-Based Guidelines in Medicine—Current State
Urgently Needed Sex- and Gender-Sensitive Guidelines for Neuropsychiatric Disorders—The Example of
Depression
Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions
Conclusions
Index