Urinalysis and Body Fluid-7판

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Preface
Contributor and Special Content Reviewer
Reviewers
Acknowledgments
Contents
Atlas of Images
Part One: Basic Principles

Chapter 1: Safety and Quality Management
Safety
Biological Hazards
Infectious Agent (Pathogen)
Reservoir
Portal of Exit
Means of Transmission
Portal of Entry
Susceptible Host
Standard Precautions
Sharp Hazards
Chemical Hazards
Chemical Spills and Exposure
Chemical Handling
Chemical Hygiene Plan
Chemical Labeling
Safety Data Sheets
The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals
Chemical Waste Disposal
Radioactive Hazards
Electrical Hazards
Fire/Explosive Hazards
Physical Hazards
Quality Management
Urinalysis Procedure Manual
Preexamination (Preanalytical) Variables
Examination (Analytical) Variables
Postexamination Variables

Chapter 2: Urine and Body Fluid Analysis Automation
Urinalysis Automation
Reflectance Photometry
Analyzers
Fully Automated Urine Chemistry Analyzers
Automated Microscopy Analyzers
Automated Urinalysis Systems
Body Fluid Analysis Automation

Chapter 3: Introduction to Urinalysis
History and Importance
Urine Formation
Urine Composition
Urine Volume
Specimen Collection
Containers
Labels
Requisition Form
Specimen Rejection
Specimen Handling
Specimen Integrity
Specimen Preservation
Types of Specimens
Random Specimen
First Morning Specimen
24-Hour (or Timed) Specimen
Catheterized Specimen
Midstream Clean-Catch Specimen
Suprapubic Aspiration
Prostatitis Specimen
Pediatric Specimens
Drug Specimen Collection

Chapter 4: Renal Function
Introduction
Renal Physiology
Renal Blood Flow
Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion
Renal Function Tests
Glomerular Filtration Tests
Tubular Reabsorption Tests
Tubular Secretion and Renal Blood Flow Tests
Part Two: Urinalysis

Chapter 5: Physical Examination of Urine
Introduction
Color
Normal Urine Color
Abnormal Urine Color
Clarity
Normal Clarity
Nonpathological Turbidity
Pathological Turbidity
Specific Gravity
Refractometer
Osmolality
Reagent Strip Specific Gravity
Odor

Chapter 6: Chemical Examination of Urine
Introduction
Reagent Strips
Reagent Strip Technique
Handling and Storing Reagent Strips
Quality Control of Reagent Strips
Confirmatory Testing
pH
Clinical Significance
Reagent Strip Reactions
Protein
Clinical Significance
Prerenal Proteinuria
Renal Proteinuria
Postrenal Proteinuria
Reagent Strip Reactions
Reaction Interference
Glucose
Clinical Significance
Reagent Strip (Glucose Oxidase) Reaction
Reaction Interference
Copper Reduction Test (Clinitest)
Clinical Significance of Clinitest
Ketones
Clinical Significance
Reagent Strip Reactions
Reaction Interference
Blood
Clinical Significance
Reagent Strip Reactions
Reaction Interference
Bilirubin
Bilirubin Production
Clinical Significance
Reagent Strip (Diazo) Reactions
Reaction Interference
Urobilinogen
Clinical Significance
Reagent Strip Reactions and Interference
Reaction Interference
Nitrite
Clinical Significance
Reagent Strip Reactions
Reaction Interference
Leukocyte Esterase
Clinical Significance
Reagent Strip Reaction
Reaction Interference
Specific Gravity
Reagent Strip Reaction
Reaction Interference

Chapter 7: Microscopic Examination of Urine
Introduction
Macroscopic Screening
Specimen Preparation
Specimen Volume
Centrifugation
Sediment Preparation
Volume of Sediment Examined
Commercial Systems
Examining the Sediment
Reporting the Microscopic Examination
Correlating Results
Sediment Examination Techniques
Sediment Stains
Cytodiagnostic Urine Testing
Microscopy
Types of Microscopy
Urine Sediment Constituents
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
Epithelial Cells
Bacteria
Yeast
Parasites
Spermatozoa
Mucus
Casts
Urinary Crystals
Urinary Sediment Artifacts

Chapter 8: Renal Disease
Introduction
Glomerular Disorders
Glomerulonephritis
Nephrotic Syndrome
Tubular Disorders
Acute Tubular Necrosis
Hereditary and Metabolic Tubular Disorders
Interstitial Disorders
Urinary Tract Infection
Acute Pyelonephritis
Chronic Pyelonephritis
Acute Interstitial Nephritis
Renal Failure
Renal Lithiasis

Chapter 9: Urine Screening for Metabolic Disorders
Introduction
Overflow Versus Renal Disorders
Newborn Screening Tests
Amino Acid Disorders
Phenylalanine-Tyrosine Disorders
Branched-Chain Amino Acid Disorders
Tryptophan Disorders
Cystine Disorders
Porphyrin Disorders
Mucopolysaccharide Disorders
Purine Disorders
Carbohydrate Disorders
Part Three: Other Body Fluids

Chapter 10: Cerebrospinal Fluid
Introduction
Formation and Physiology
Specimen Collection and Handling
Appearance
Traumatic Collection (Tap)
Uneven Blood Distribution
Clot Formation
Xanthochromic Supernatant
Cell Count
Methodology
Total Cell Count
WBC Count
Quality Control of CSF and Other Body Fluid Cell Counts
Differential Count on a CSF Specimen
Cytocentrifugation
CSF Cellular Constituents
Chemistry Tests
Cerebrospinal Protein
CSF Glucose
CSF Lactate
CSF Glutamine
Microbiology Tests
Gram Stain
Immunologic Assays
PCR Molecular Diagnostic Testing
Serological Testing

Chapter 11: Semen 277
Introduction
Physiology
Specimen Collection
Specimen Handling
Semen Analysis
Appearance
Liquefaction
Volume
Viscosity
pH
Sperm Concentration and Sperm Count
Sperm Motility
Automated Semen Analysis Systems
Sperm Morphology
Additional Testing
Sperm Vitality
Seminal Fluid Fructose
Antisperm Antibodies
Microbial and Chemical Testing
Postvasectomy Semen Analysis
Sperm Function Tests
Semen Analysis Quality Control

Chapter 12: Synovial Fluid
Physiology
Specimen Collection and Handling
Color and Clarity
Viscosity
Cell Counts
Differential Count
Crystal Identification
Types of Crystals
Slide Preparation
Crystal Polarization
Chemistry Tests
Glucose
Total Protein
Uric Acid
Lactate
Enzymes
Microbiological Tests
Serological Tests

Chapter 13: Serous Fluid
Introduction
Formation
Specimen Collection and Handling
Transudates and Exudates
General Laboratory Procedures
Pleural Fluid
Appearance
Hematology Tests
Chemistry Tests
Microbiological and Serological Tests
Pericardial Fluid
Appearance
Laboratory Tests
Peritoneal Fluid
Transudates Versus Exudates
Appearance
Laboratory Tests

Chapter 14: Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid
Clinical Significance
Specimen Collection
Specimen Handling and Transport
Color and Clarity
Cell Counts
Leukocytes
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Mast Cells
Erythrocytes
Epithelial Cells
Microbiological Tests
Cytology

Chapter 15: Amniotic Fluid
Introduction
Physiology
Function
Volume
Chemical Composition
Differentiating Maternal Urine From Amniotic Fluid
Specimen Collection
Indications for Amniocentesis
Collection
Specimen Handling and Processing
Color and Appearance
Tests for Fetal Distress
Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn
Neural Tube Defects
Tests for Fetal Maturity
Fetal Lung Maturity
Lecithin-Sphingomyelin Ratio
Phosphatidyl Glycerol
Foam Stability Index
Lamellar Bodies

Chapter 16: Fecal Analysis
Introduction
Physiology
Diarrhea and Steatorrhea
Diarrhea
Steatorrhea
Specimen Collection
Macroscopic Screening
Color
Appearance
Microscopic Examination of Feces
Fecal Leukocytes
Muscle Fibers
Qualitative Fecal Fats
Chemical Testing of Feces
Occult Blood
Quantitative Fecal Fat Testing
APT Test (Fetal Hemoglobin)
Fecal Enzymes
Carbohydrates

Chapter 17: Vaginal Secretions
Introduction
Specimen Collection and Handling
Color and Appearance
Diagnostic Tests
pH
Microscopic Procedures
Other Diagnostic Tests
Vaginal Disorders
Bacterial Vaginosis
Trichomoniasis
Candidiasis
Desquamative Inflammatory Vaginitis
Atrophic Vaginitis
Additional Procedures for Vaginal Secretion Associated With Pregnancy
Fetal Fibronectin Test
AmniSure Test
Actim PROM
ROM Plus
Answers to Study Questions, Case Studies, and Clinical Situations
Abbreviations
Glossary
Index