Therapy in Pediatric Dermatology

Preface
Abbreviations
Contents
Contributors
1: Overview of Dermatologic Care in Children
Skin Care of Normal Newborn Skin
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended [3]
Therapies [3, 6, 9, 11]
Therapies: Daily Umbilical Cord Care [6]
Principles of Pediatric Skin Care
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Premature Skin
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended [3, 6]
Therapies: Daily Umbilical Cord Care [6]
Therapies [3, 6, 8, 9]
Special Considerations for Newborn Skin
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Skin Care Products to Avoid
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
References
2: Management of Skin Disorders of the Newborn
Evidence Level
Neonatal Cephalic Pustulosis
Neonatal/Infantile Acne (Fig. 2.1)
For Severe Acne Consider
Seborrheic Dermatitis
Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
Acropustulosis of Infancy
Aplasia Cutis Congenita [14] (Figs. 2.2 and 2.3)
Bronze Baby Syndrome
Congenital/Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
Congenital/Neonatal Candidiasis
Staphylococcus Aureus Pustulosis (Fig. 2.4)
Neonatal Scabies (Fig. 2.5)
Cutis Marmorata Telangiectatica Congenita (Figs. 2.6 and 2.7)
Eosinophilic Pustular Folliculitis (Fig. 2.8)
Granuloma Gluteale Infantum (Fig. 2.9)
Sclerema Neonatorum
Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis [56, 57]
References
3: Atopic Dermatitis and Eczematous Eruptions
Atopic Dermatitis
Clinical Features of the Disorder
Management Strategies
Treatment Overview
Clearance Phase
Maintenance Phase
Rescue of Flares
Adjunctive Interventions
Refractory Disease
Specific Investigations Recommended
Pityriasis Alba
Clinical Features of the Disorder
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Contact Dermatitis
Clinical Features of the Disorder
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended [46–49]
Juvenile Plantar Dermatosis
Clinical Features of the Disorder
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended [59]
Lichen Simplex Chronicus
Clinical Features of the Disorder
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Lichen Striatus
Clinical Features of the Disorder
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Nummular Dermatitis (Discoid Eczema)
Clinical Features of the Disorder
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended [83–86]
Seborrheic Dermatitis
Clinical Features of the Disorder
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
References
4: Psoriasis and Other Papulosquamous Skin Disorders
Psoriasis
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Reactive Arthritis
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Pityriasis Lichenoides
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Lymphomatoid Papulosis
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Pityriasis Rosea
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Lichen Planus
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Lichen Nitidus
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Keratosis Lichenoides Chronica
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
References
5: Hereditary Disorders of Cornification
Introduction
Classification of the Ichthyoses and Other DOC
Management Strategies for DOC
Investigations for Diagnosis
General Approach to Therapy in Children
Specific Therapies
Emollients
Keratolytics
Antimicrobials
Baths
Physical Treatment
Retinoids
Topical Retinoids
Oral Retinoids
Retinoic Acid Metabolism Blocking Agent (RAMBA)
Targeted Therapy
Distinctive Features and Therapeutic Ladders for Selected DOC
Non-Syndromic Disorders: Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyosis (ARCI), Epidermolytic Ichthyosis
Epidermolytic Ichthyosis (EI)
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyosis (ARCI)
Investigations Recommended
Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Syndromic Disorders: Netherton and Sjogren-Larsson Syndromes
Netherton Syndrome (NS)
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Other Disorders of Differentiation: Darier Disease, Palmoplantar Keratodermas
Darier Disease
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Palmoplantar Keratodermas
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
References
6: Hereditary Disorders of the Dermis
Ehlers Danlos Syndrome
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended [4]
First Line Therapies
Marfan Syndrome
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
First Line Therapies
Second Line Therapies
Surgical Considerations
Cutis Laxa
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
First Line Therapies
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
First Line Therapies
Second Line Therapies
Elastosis Perforans Serpiginosa
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
First Line Therapies
Second Line Therapies
Focal Dermal Hypoplasia
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
First Line Therapies
Second Line Therapies
Third Line Therapies
Buschke-Ollendorff Syndrome
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
First Line Therapies
Second Line Therapies
Werner Syndrome
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
First Line Therapies
Second Line Therapies
Lethal Restrictive Dermopathy
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Stiff Skin Syndrome
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
First Line Therapies
Lipoid Proteinosis
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
First Line Therapies
Second Line Therapies
Infantile Systemic Hyalinosis and Juvenile Hyaline Fibromatosis
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
For Diagnosis
First Line Therapies
Second Line Therapies
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
First Line Therapies
Second Line Therapies
Third Line Therapies
Winchester Syndrome
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
First Line Therapies
References
7: Disorders of Hair and Nail
Congenital Non-scarring Alopecias with Fragility
Overview
Investigations Recommended
For Diagnosis
For Treatment
Trichorrhexis Invaginata (Bamboo Hair)
Clinical Features
Monilethrix (Beaded Hair; MIM158000, 177750, 252700)
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
For Diagnosis
Menkes Kinky Hair Syndrome (MIM 309400)
Clinical Features
Trichothiodystrophy (MIM 601675)
Clinical Features
Congenital Hair Shaft Disorders Without Fragility
Diffuse Partial Woolly Hair (DPWH)
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
For Diagnosis
For Treatment
First Line Therapies
Pili Annulati (MIM 180600)
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
For Diagnosis
For Treatment
Woolly Hair
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
For Diagnosis
For Treatment
Uncombable Hair Syndrome (Pili Trianguli et Canaliculi, Spun Glass Hair)
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
For Diagnosis
For Treatment
Acquired Hair Shaft Disorders Without Fragility
Acquired Progressive Kinking of the Hair (APKH)
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
For Diagnosis
For Treatment
First Line Therapies
Alopecia Areata (AA)
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
For Diagnosis
For Treatment
First Line Therapies
Second Line Therapies
Third Line Therapies
Loose Anagen Hair Syndrome (LAHS)
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
For Diagnosis
Short Anagen Hair Syndrome
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
For Diagnosis
For Treatment
Scarring Alopecia
Keratosis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans (MIM 308800)
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
For Diagnosis
For Treatment
Eruptive Vellus Hair Cysts (EVHC)
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
For Diagnosis
For Treatment
Hypertrichosis
Clinical Features
Generalized Hypertrichosis
Congenital Hypertrichosis Universalis (MIM 145701)
Congenital Hypertrichosis Lanuginosa (MIM 145700, 307150)
Prepubertal Hypertrichosis
Localized Hypertrichosis
Congenital Melanocytic Nevi
Becker’s Nevus
Hypertrichosis Cubiti (Hairy Elbows Syndrome)
Cervical Hypertrichosis
Faun Tail (Lumbosacral Hypertrichosis; Spinal Hypertrichosis)
Hypertrichois in Porphyria
Trichomegaly
Acquired Hypertrichosis
Drug-Induced Hypertrichosis
Postinflammatory/Post-traumatic Hypertrichosis
Investigations Recommended
For Diagnosis
For Treatment
First Line Therapies
Second Line Therapies
Hirsutism
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
For Diagnosis
For Treatment
First Line Therapies
Nail Disorders
Twenty-Nail Dystrophy (TND, Trachyonychia)
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
For Diagnosis
For Treatment
Pachyonychia Congenital (PC)
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
For Diagnosis
For Treatment
Congenital Malalignment of the Big Toenail
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
For Diagnosis
For Treatment
Ingrown Nails (Unguis Incarnates, Onychocryptosis)
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
For Diagnosis
Treatment
Beau’s Lines
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
For Diagnosis
For Treatment
Onychomadesis (Nail Shedding)
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
For Diagnosis
For Treatment
References
8: Disorders of the Sebaceous and Sweat Gland
Clinical Features of Acne Vulgaris and Its Variants
Acne Vulgaris
Acne Fulminans
Acne Conglobata
Drug-Induced Acne
Specific Investigations
Discussion of Treatment Modalities
Topical Retinoids
Topical Antimicrobials
Other Topical Agents
Oral Antibiotics
Isotretinoin
Oral Dapsone
Hormonal Therapy
Neonatal Acne
Specific Investigations
Infantile Acne
Specific Investigations
Mid-childhood Acne
Specific Investigations
Preadolescent Acne
Specific Investigations
Periorificial Dermatitis
Specific Investigations
Childhood Rosacea
Specific Investigations
Keratosis Pilaris
Specific Investigations
Pseudoacne of the Nasal Crease
Specific Investigations
Demodicosis
Specific Investigations
Idiopathic Facial Aseptic Granuloma
Specific Investigations
References
9: Cutaneous Tumor and Tumor Syndromes
Pigmented Lesions: Congenital Melanocytic Nevus
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
First Line Therapies
Second Line Therapies
Spitz Nevus
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations
Halo Nevus
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
First Line Therapies
Becker’s Melanosis
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Tumor of the Epidermal Appendages: Nevus Comedonicus
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
First Line Therapies
Second Line Therapies
Third Line Therapies
Nevus Sebaceous
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
First Line Therapies
Second Line Therapies
Other Adnexal Tumors
Clinical Features
Management
Investigations Recommended
First Line Therapies
Second Line Therapies
Tumor of the Epidermis: Mastocytosis
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome
Clinical Features
Management
Investigations Recommended
First Line Therapies
Second Line Therapies
Third Line Therapies
Epidermal Nevus and Epidermal Nevus Syndrome
Clinical Features
Management
Investigations Recommended
First Line Therapies
Second Line Treatments
Dermal Tumor: Angiofibroma
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Connective Tissue Nevus
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Granuloma Annulare
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigation Recommended
Neurofibroma
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Fibromatoses: Recurring Digital Fibroma of Childhood
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Infantile Myofibromatosis
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Tumors of the Oral Mucosa: Congenital Granular Cell Tumor
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Mucocele
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Miscellaneous: Epidermal Cyst
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Steatocystoma Multiplex
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Calcinosis Cutis
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Osteoma Cutis
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Summary
References
10: Histiocytoses and Malignancy
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Juvenile Xanthogranuloma
Clinical Features
Investigation Recommendations
Management Strategies
Cutaneous Disease
Ocular Disease
Visceral Lesions
Benign Cephalic Histiocytosis
Clinical Features
Investigation Recommendations
Management Strategies
Xanthoma Disseminatum
Clinical Features
Investigation Recommendations
Management Strategies
Necrobiotic Xanthogranuloma
Clinical Features
Investigation Recommendations
Management Strategies
Generalized Eruptive Histiocytoma
Clinical Features
Investigation Recommendations
Management Strategies
Progressive Nodular Histiocytoma
Clinical Features
Investigation Recommendations
Management Strategies
Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis
Clinical Features
Investigation Recommendations
Management Strategies
Cutaneous Disease
Joint Disease
Sinus Histiocytosis with Massive LAD (Rosai-­Dorfman Disease)
Clinical Features
Investigation Recommendations
Management Strategies
Leukemia Cutis
Clinical Features
Investigation Recommendations
Management Strategies
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
References
Generalized Eruptive Histiocytoma
11: Disorders of Pigmentation
Introduction
Congenital Localized Alterations in Pigmentation
Mongolian Spot
Café au Lait Macules
Nevus Depigmentosus (Fig. 11.2)
Tuberous Sclerosis
Nevoid Melanosis or Blaschkoid Pigmentation
Becker’s Nevus
Nevus of Ito and Nevus of Ota
Congenital Widespread Alterations in Pigmentation
Oculocutaneous Albinism
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Phenylketonuria
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Silvery Hair Syndromes (Chediak-Higashi Syndrome, Griscelli Syndrome and Elejalde Syndrome)
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Piebaldism
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Waardenburg Syndrome
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Acquired Localized Disorders of Pigmentation
Pityriasis Alba
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Tinea Versicolor
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Terre Firme
Post-Inflammatory Pigment Alteration (PIPA)
Acquired Generalized Disorders of Pigmentation
Acanthosis Nigricans
Investigations Recommended
Vitiligo
Investigations Recommended
References
12: Vascular Disorders and Anomalies
Vascular Tumors
Infantile Hemangioma
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Kasabach Merritt Phenomenon (KMP)
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Multifocal Lymphangioendotheliomatosis with Thrombocytopenia
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Pyogenic Granuloma
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Angiofibromas
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Vascular Malformations
Capillary Malformations
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Venous Malformations and Lymphatic Malformations
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Arteriovenous Malformations
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
References
13: Genodermatoses and Basement Membrane Zone Diseases
Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB)
Specific Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Specific Therapies
Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita (EBA)
Management Strategies
Investigations
Ectodermal Dysplasia with Skin Fragility (EDSF)
Management Strategies
Investigations
Specific Therapies
Kindler Syndrome
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations
Specific Therapies
Pemphigus
Investigations
Pemphigus Vulgaris [9]
Pemphigus Foliaceus/Erythematosus
Specific Therapies (For PV and PF)
Paraneoplastic Pemphigus
Investigations
Specific Therapies
Bullous Pemphigoid
Investigations
Specific Therapies
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Management Strategies
Investigations
Specific Therapies
Chronic Bullous Disease of Childhood (CBDC)
Clinical Features (Fig. 13.6)
Investigations
Specific Therapies
Bullous Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (BSLE)
Criteria for BSLE
Investigations
Specific Thrapies
References
14: Infectious Diseases: Bacterial Infections
Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Infections
Clinical Features
Infections Mainly Caused by Staphylococcus aureus
Infections Mainly Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes
Specific Investigations
Impetigo and Ecthyma
Staphylococcal Folliculitis Including Folliculitis Barbae (Sycosis)
Furuncles and Carbuncles
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)
Scarlet Fever
Perineal Streptococcal Dermatitis
Blistering Distal Dactylitis
Erysipelas
Cellulitis
Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
Necrotizing Fasciitis
Pseudomonas Infections
Clinical Features
Specific Investigations
Ecthyma Gangrenosum
Noma Neonatorum
Noma
Clinical Features
Specific Investigations
Neisseria Infections
Clinical Features
Specific Investigations
Disseminated Gonococcal Infection
Meningococcemia
Corynebacterial Infections
Clinical Features
Specific Investigations
Erythrasma
Pitted Keratolysis
Trichomycosis
Erysipeloid
Clinical Features
Specific Investigations
Anthrax
Clinical Features
Specific Investigations
Management Strategy
Adjunct therapies for cutaneous anthrax [198–203]
Bartonella: Cat Scratch Disease
Clinical Features
Specific Investigations
Fungus-Like Bacteria: Actinomycosis and Nocardiosis
Clinical Features
Specific Investigations
Actinomycosis
Nocardiosis
Treponemal Infections
Clinical Features
Specific Investigations
Syphilis
Yaws, Pinta, and Bejel
Lyme Disease
Mycobacterial Infections
Clinical Features
Specific Investigations
Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections (Table 14.77)
Cutaneous Tuberculosis
Therapy for Drug-Susceptible Tuberculosis [325, 326]
Therapy for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis [325, 327–330]
Leprosy
Therapies for Immunologic Reactions in Leprosy [343–351]
Rickettsial Diseases with Cutaneous Manifestations
Clinical Features
Specific Investigations
References
15: Infectious Diseases: Leishmaniasis
Clinical Features
Management Strategy
Specific Investigations
References
16: Infectious Diseases: Superficial Fungal Infections
Dermatophytosis
Clinical Features
Specific Investigations
Tinea Capitis and Barbae
Management Strategy
Tinea Corporis, Faciei, and Cruris
Tinea Pedis and Manuum
Dermatophytic Onychomycosis (Tinea Unguium)
Management Strategy
Tinea Versicolor
Clinical Features
Specific Investigations [1, 2]
Management Strategy
Tinea Nigra
Clinical Features
Specific Investigations
Management Strategy
Piedra
Clinical Features
Specific Investigations
White Piedra
Black Piedra
Candidiasis
Clinical Features
Specific Investigations
Oropharyngeal Candidiasis
Candidal Intertrigo and Diaper Dermatitis
Candidal Vulvovaginitis
Neonatal and Systemic Candidiasis
Management Strategies
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
References
17: Infectious Diseases: Deep Fungal Infections
Subcutaneous Mycoses: Sporotrichosis, Chromoblastomycosis, Mycetoma, Rhinosporidiosis
Clinical Features
Specific Investigations�
Systemic Mycoses: Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis, Paracoccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis
Clinical Features
Specific Investigations�
Blastomycosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Opportunistic Mycoses: Aspergillosis, Cryptococcosis, Fusariosis, Mucormycosis
Clinical Features
Specific Investigations�
Aspergillosis
Cryptococcosis
Management Strategies
Fusariosis
Mucormycosis
References
18: Viral Diseases and Exanthems of the Skin
Herpes Simplex
Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Herpes Labialis
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Genital Herpes
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Ocular Herpes Infection
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Eczema Herpeticum
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Herpetic Whitlow
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Herpes Gladiatorum
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Varicella Zoster Virus
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Herpes Zoster
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Epstein-Barr Virus/Infectious Mononucleosis
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Warts
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Condyloma
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Molluscum Contagiosum
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Cowpox
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Orf
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Smallpox
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Rubeola
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Rubella
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Parvovirus B19
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Roseola
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Gianotti-Crosti Syndrome
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Unilateral Laterothoracic Exanthem/Asymmetric Periflexural Exanthem of Childhood
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Enteroviral Exanthems
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
References
19: Bites and Infestations
Introduction
Class Arachnida
Order Acarina
Scabies
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Therapies [3–14]
Chiggers (Harvest Mites, Jiggers, “RED BUGS”)
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Therapies [16]
Cheyletiella (Walking Dandruff)
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Grain and Avian Mites
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Demodex
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Ticks
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Order Araneida
Black Widow Spider (Latrodectus Mactans)
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Brown Recluse Spiders (Loxosceles reclusa)
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Order Scorpionida
Scorpions
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Class Insecta
Order Phthiraptera, Suborder Anoplura
Pediculosis Capitis (Head Lice)
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Therapies
Pediculosis Corporis
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Pediculosis Pubis
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Order Diptera
Mosquitoes
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Flies
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Myiasis
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Order Siphonaptera
Flea Bites
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Tungiasis
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Order Hemiptera
Bed Bugs (Cimicosis)
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Order Hymenoptera
Bees, Wasps (Hornets, Yellow Jackets) and Ants
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Order Coleoptera
Blister Beetles
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Order Lepidoptera
Caterpillars and Moths
Clinical Features [60, 61]
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Class Myriapoda
Centipedes
Clinical Features [63]
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Millipedes
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Papular Urticaria
Clinical Features [4, 67]
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Insect Repellents
Other Cutaneous Infestations
Cutaneous Larva Migrans (Creeping Eruption)
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Therapies
Marine Eruptions
Cercarial Dermatitis (Swimmer’s Itch)
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Seabather’s Eruption (“SEA LICE”)
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
Jellyfish Stings
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
References
20: Hypersensitivity Syndromes
Urticaria
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Drug Hypersensitivity Reaction
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Fixed Drug Eruption
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Erythema Annulare Centrifugum
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Erythema Nodosum
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Serum Sickness
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Clinical Features
Acute GVHD
Chronic GVHD
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
References
21: Photosensitivity and Photoreaction
Solar Urticaria
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Non-standard Therapies Not Studied or Reported for Children/Adolescents
Polymorphous Light Eruption
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Juvenile Spring Eruption
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Actinic Prurigo
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Hydroa Vacciniforme
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Pellagra
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Cutaneous Porphyrias
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Pseudoporphyria
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Therapies Not Studied or Reported for Children/Adolescents
References
22: Collagen Vascular Diseases
Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome
Clinical Features
Management Strategy
Investigation Recommended�
Anetoderma
Clinical Features
Management Strategy
Investigations Recommended
Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini
Clinical Features
Management Strategy
Specific Investigations
First-Line Therapies
Second-Line Therapies
Degos Disease (Malignant Atrophic Papulosis)
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
First Line Therapies
Second Line Therapy
Dermatomyositis
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Specific Investigations Recommended
First Line Therapies
Second Line Therapies
Third Line Therapies
Non-pharmacologic Therapies
Eosinophilic Fasciitis
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
First Line Therapies
Second Line Therapies
Third Line Therapies
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Clinical Features
Management St rategies
Investigation Recommended
Specific Therapies
Lupus Erythematosus
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended (Table 22.6)
First Line Therapies (Tables 22.8 and 22.9)
Second Line Therapies (Evidence Level E; Table 22.10)
For NLE
Localized Scleroderma/Morphea
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
First Line Therapies
Second Line Therapies
Third Line Therapies
Lichen Sclerosus
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
First Line Therapies
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
First Line Therapies
Second Line Therapies
Relapsing Polychondritis
Clinical Features
Investigations Recommended
Management Strategies
First Line Therapies
Second Line Therapies
Systemic Sclerosis
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
First Line Therapies
Second Line Therapies
References
23: Inborn Metabolic Disorders and Endocrine Disorders
Introduction
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Specific Investigations
Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
Specific Investigations
Biotin Deficiency
Specific Investigations
Organic Acidemia
Specific Investigations
Kwashiorkor
Specific Investigations
First-Line Therapies
Second-Line Therapies
Third-Line Therapies
Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency
Specific Investigations
Hyperlipidemia
Specific Investigations
Adjunctive Therapies
Mucopolysaccharidosis
Specific Investigations
Therapies
Wilson Disease
Specific Investigations
Homocystinuria
Specific Investigations
References
24: Cutaneous Manifestations of Systemic Disease
Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders
Immunoglobulin Deficiencies, Chronic Granulomatous Disease, Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiencies, Severe
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Recommended Therapies
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Recommended Therapies
Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Recommended Therapies
Cutaneous Crohn’s Disease
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Recommended Therapies
Sarcoidosis
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Recommended Therapies
Autoinflammatory Disorders Part I
Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes and Cryopyrinopathies
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Recommended Therapies
Autoinflammatory Disorders Part II
PAPA, PFAPA, PAPASH, PASH and PASS Syndromes
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Recommended Therapies
Pyoderma Gangrenosum (PG)
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Recommended Therapies
Behçet’s Disease
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Investigations Recommended
Recommended Therapies
References
25: Cutaneous Manifestations of Psychiatric Disorders and Management
Delusional Infestation
Clinical Manifestations
Management Strategies
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Clinical Manifestations
Management Strategies
Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Factitious Disorders
Clinical Manifestation
Management Strategies
Excoriation (Skin Picking) Disorder
Clinical Features
Management Strategies
Trichotillomania
Clinical Manifestation
Management Strategies
Psychogenic Purpura (Gardner-Diamond Syndrome)
Clinical Manifestations
Management Strategies
References
26: Pearls for Pediatric Dermatologic Procedures
Scissor Excision with Electrocautery
Common Applications
Intralesional (IL) Injections
Common Applications
Minor Office Procedures, Including Cryotherapy, Laser and Skin Biopsies
Available Therapies or Techniques
Procedures Performed Under General Anesthesia
Available Therapies or Techniques
References
27: Light-Based Procedures in Pediatric Dermatology
Neonatal Nursery Phototherapy
Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
Intense Pulsed Light (IPL)
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
Phototherapy
UVA Phototherapy
UVB Phototherapy
Photopatch Testing
Extracorporeal Photochemotherapy
References
Index