Botulinum Toxin for Asians

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Author

1: Botoxology
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Terminology Related to Wrinkles
1.2.1 Basic Terminology Related to Wrinkles
1.2.2 Functional Aspect
1.2.3 Severity Aspect
1.3 Basic Science of Botulinum Toxin
1.3.1 Serotypes and Mechanism of Action of Botulinum Toxin
1.3.2 Molecular Structure of Botulinum Toxin Type A
1.3.3 Sites of Action
1.3.4 Recovery
1.3.5 Dosage and Potency Assays
1.3.6 Difference in Personal Sensitivity
1.3.7 Effects on Sensory Nervous System
1.4 Comparison of Products
1.4.1 Comparison of Potency
1.4.2 Comparison of Excipients
1.4.3 BOTOX®: “Golden Standard”
1.4.4 Dysport®: “European Standard”
1.4.5 Neuronox®: “The First Korean Botulinum Toxin”
1.4.6 Myobloc®: “Unique Type B Botulinum Toxin”
1.4.7 Xeomin®: “Second-Generation Botulinum Toxin”
1.4.8 BTXA®: “China Toxin”
1.4.9 Botulax®
1.4.10 Nabota®
1.4.11 Innotox®: “Botulinum Toxin Endorsed by BOTOX®”
1.5 Immunogenicity/Immunoresistance
1.6 Safety
1.6.1 Human Lethal Dose
1.6.2 Overdose
1.6.3 Botulinum Toxin and Children
1.6.4 Botulinum Toxin and Pregnancy
1.6.5 Botulinum Toxin and Hypersensitivity
1.7 Reconstitution, Dilution, and Storage of Botulinum Toxin
1.7.1 Reconstitution and Dilution
1.7.2 Storage
1.8 Contraindications
1.8.1 Absolute Contraindicaitons
1.8.2 Individuals Injected with Caution
1.9 Characteristics of the Procedure (EAT Classification)
References

2: Wrinkle Treatment with Botulinum Toxin
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Effective and Noneffective Wrinkles in Botulinum Toxin Treatment (Fig. 2.1)
2.1.2 Communication
2.1.3 Pretreatment Assessment
2.1.4 Ethnic Differences Between Asians and Caucasians
2.1.4.1 Attractive Composite Faces Between Asians and Caucasians
2.1.4.2 Different Facial Shapes and Different Aesthetic Standards Between Asians and Caucasians
2.1.4.3 Three Asian Facial Types
2.1.4.4 Anatomic Differences Between Asians and Caucasians
2.1.4.5 Differences in Techniques and Dose
2.1.5 Appropriate Interval for Touch-Up Injection and Repeat Injection
2.1.6 Preventative Effect of Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Wrinkles
2.1.7 Botulinum Rebalancing (Compensatory Hyperactivity)
2.1.8 Botulinum Remodeling of Facial Expression
2.1.9 Injection Techniques
2.1.10 Adverse Effects
2.1.10.1 Headaches
2.1.10.2 Allergic Reactions
2.1.10.3 Bruise
2.1.10.4 Edema
2.1.10.5 Heavy Feeling
2.1.10.6 Masklike Face
2.2 Regional Particulars
2.2.1 Lateral Canthal Rhytides
2.2.1.1 Anatomy
2.2.1.2 Pretreatment Assessment
2.2.1.3 Injection Techniques (Fig. 2.18)
2.2.1.4 Injection Dosage
2.2.1.5 Adverse Effects
2.2.1.6 Photography
2.2.2 Eyelid Ptosis
2.2.2.1 Injection Techniques
2.2.3 Upper Palpebral Lines
2.2.4 Infraorbital Wrinkles
2.2.5 Horizontal Forehead Lines
2.2.5.1 Anatomy (Fig. 2.14)
2.2.5.2 Pretreatment Assessment
2.2.5.3 Injection Techniques (Fig. 2.30)
2.2.5.4 Injection Dose
2.2.5.5 Adverse Effects
2.2.5.6 Photography (Fig. 2.33)
2.2.6 Eyebrow Shaping/Eyebrow Lifting
2.2.7 Glabellar Frown Lines
2.2.7.1 Anatomy
2.2.7.2 Injection Techniques
2.2.7.3 Injection Dose
2.2.7.4 Photography
2.2.7.5 Adverse Effects
2.2.8 Bunny Lines/Nasal Side Wall Scrunch Wrinkles
2.2.8.1 Anatomy
2.2.8.2 Injection Techniques
2.2.9 Horizontal Radix Lines
2.2.10 Nasal Tip Elevation
2.2.10.1 Anatomy
2.2.10.2 Injection Techniques
2.2.11 Excessive Gingival Display/Gummy Smile
2.2.11.1 Anatomy
2.2.11.2 Injection Techniques
2.2.12 Nasolabial Folds, Asymmetric Smile
2.2.12.1 Anatomy
2.2.12.2 Injection Techniques
2.2.13 Ala Band and Dimpling
2.2.14 Perioral Lines (Purse-String Lips)
2.2.14.1 Anatomy
2.2.14.2 Injection Techniques
2.2.14.3 Photographs
2.2.15 Mouth Corner Elevation
2.2.15.1 Anatomy
2.2.15.2 Injection Techniques
2.2.16 Mentalis Hyperactivity/Cobblestone Chin
2.2.16.1 Anatomy
2.2.16.2 Injection Techniques
2.2.17 Platysma Band
2.2.17.1 Anatomy
2.2.17.2 Injection Techniques
2.2.17.3 Injection Dose
2.2.17.4 Adverse Effects
2.2.17.5 Photographs
References

3: Facial Contouring with Botulinum Toxin
3.1 Square Jaw/Masseter Hypertrophy
3.1.1 Mechanism of Action: Disuse Atrophy
3.1.2 Causes of Masseter Muscle Hypertrophy
3.1.3 Pretreatment Assessment
3.1.4 Self-Assessment
3.1.5 Anatomy
3.1.6 Injection Techniques
3.1.7 Injection Dose
3.1.8 Change of Masseter Volume
3.1.9 Onset and Duration of Effect
3.1.10 Appropriate Interval and Dose for Repeat Injections
3.1.11 Adverse Effects
3.1.11.1 Weakening of Biting Force
3.1.11.2 Sunken Cheek
3.1.11.3 Jowl Sagging
3.1.11.4 Asymmetric Smile/Awkward Smile
3.1.11.5 Masseter Bulging on Mastication
3.1.12 Effect of Botulinum Toxin Injection on the Mandibular Bone
3.2 Temporalis Hypertrophy
3.2.1 Anatomy
3.2.2 Injection Techniques
3.2.3 Adverse Effects
3.3 Salivary Gland Enlargement
3.3.1 Parotid Gland Enlargement
3.3.2 Submandibular Gland Enlargement
3.3.3 Injection Techniques
References

4: Multiple Intradermal Botulinum Toxin Injections
4.1 Concept
4.2 Injection Techniques
References

5: Body Contouring with Botulinum Toxin
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Reconstitution of Botulinum Toxin
5.1.2 Dose
5.1.3 Injection Techniques
5.1.4 Appropriate Time and Dose for Repeated Injection
5.1.5 Adverse Effects
5.2 Regional Particulars
5.2.1 Shoulder Contouring (Trapezius Muscle)
5.2.1.1 Anatomy
5.2.1.2 Injection Techniques
5.2.1.3 Adverse Effects
5.2.1.4 Photography
5.2.2 Arm Contouring (Deltoid Muscle)
5.2.2.1 Anatomy
5.2.2.2 Injection Techniques
5.2.2.3 Adverse Effects
5.2.2.4 Photography
5.2.3 Thigh Contouring (Quadriceps Femoris Muscle)
5.2.3.1 Anatomy
5.2.3.2 Injection Techniques
5.2.3.3 Adverse Effects
5.2.3.4 Photography
5.2.4 Calf Contouring (Gastrocnemius Muscle)
5.2.4.1 Anatomy
5.2.4.2 Injection Sites
5.2.4.3 Dose
5.2.4.4 Injection Techniques
5.2.4.5 Onset and Duration of Effects
5.2.4.6 Adverse Effects
5.2.4.7 Photography
References

6: Hyperhidrosis Treatment with Botulinum Toxin
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Etiology and Classification of Hyperhidrosis
6.1.2 Epidemiology of Focal Hyperhidrosis
6.1.3 Diagnosis of Focal Hyperhidrosis
6.1.4 Effects of Focal Hyperhidrosis on the Patients’ Daily Lives
6.1.5 Treatment of Focal Hyperhidrosis
6.1.6 Treatment of Focal Hyperhidrosis with Botulinum Toxin
6.1.6.1 Introduction
6.1.6.2 Injection Techniques
6.1.6.3 Anesthesia
6.2 Regional Particulars
6.2.1 Axillary Hyperhidrosis
6.2.1.1 Injection Techniques
6.2.1.2 Adverse Effects
6.2.1.3 Evaluation Method
6.2.2 Palmar Hyperhidrosis
6.2.2.1 Injection Techniques
6.2.2.2 Nerve Block at the Wrist
6.2.2.3 Starch–Iodine Test
6.2.2.4 Adverse Effects
6.2.2.5 Evaluation Method
6.2.3 Plantar Hyperhidrosis
6.2.4 Facial Hyperhidrosis and Scalp Hyperhidrosis
6.2.5 Gustatory Hyperhidrosis
6.2.6 Compensatory Hyperhidrosis
6.2.7 Bromhidrosis/Osmidrosis
6.2.8 Other Diseases Responsive to Botulinum Toxin
6.2.9 Effects of Botulinum Toxin Type B on Focal Hyperhidrosis
References