Campbell Walsh Wein Urology(3Vols)-12판

Cover image
Title Page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Contributors
Video Contents
Volume I
Part I Clinical Decision Making
1 Evaluation of the Urologic Patient
History
Physical Examination
Special Populations
Conclusion
References
2 Evaluation of the Urologic Patient
Urinalysis
Chemical Examination of Urine
Summary
References
3 Urinary Tract Imaging
Conventional Radiography
Radiation Management in Uroradiology
Contrast Media
Intravenous Urography
Plain Abdominal Radiography
Retrograde Pyelography
Loopography
Retrograde Urethrography
Static Cystography
Voiding Cystourethrogram
Nuclear Scintigraphy
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Acknowledgments
References
4 Urinary Tract Imaging
Brief History of Ultrasound in Urology
Physical Principles
Modes of Ultrasound
Contrast Agents in Ultrasound
Patient Safety
Clinical Urologic Ultrasound
Practice Accreditation
Suggested Readings
References
5 Urinary Tract Imaging
Principles of Single Photon and PET Imaging
Functional Imaging of the Kidneys
Infection Imaging
Molecular Imaging of Genitourinary Malignancies
References
6 Assessment of Urologic and Surgical Outcomes
Establishing a Conceptual Framework for Assessing the Effectiveness of Treatment and Improving Care in
Urology
Long-Term Disease Outcomes That Are Commonly Assessed in Urology
Commonly Assessed Short-Term Outcomes
Patient-Reported Outcomes
Other Outcomes of Interest in Urology
References
7 Ethics and Informed Consent
Medical Ethics
Informed Consent
References
Part II Basics of Urologic Surgery
8 Principles of Urologic Surgery
Preoperative Evaluation
Presurgical Testing
Preoperative Cardiovascular Evaluation
Pulmonary Evaluation
Hepatobiliary Evaluation
Special Populations
Preparation for Surgery
Intraoperative Management
Acknowledgments
Suggested Readings
References
9 Principles of Urologic Surgery
Abdominal Incisions
Anterior Approaches to the Kidney and Retroperitoneum
Flank Incisions
Inguinal Incisions
Incisions for Specific Surgeries
Suggested Readings
References
10 Principles of Urologic Surgery
Patient Environment
Blood Products
Drains
Suture Material and Incision Closure
References
11 Lower Urinary Tract Catheterization
History
Anatomic Considerations
Indications for Lower Urinary Tract Drainage
Technique of Urethral Catheterization
Suprapubic Catheterization
Difficult Catheterization
Complications of Lower Urinary Tract Drainage
References
12 Fundamentals of Upper Urinary Tract Drainage
Percutaneous Renal Access and Drainage
Retrograde Renal Access and Drainage
References
13 Principles of Urologic Endoscopy
Introduction
History of Endoscopy
Basic Equipment and Video-Endoscopic Systems
Cystourethroscopy
Upper-Tract Endoscopy
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References
14 Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Robotic Urologic Surgery
Preoperative Preparation
Operating Room
Strategic Placement of Operative Team and Equipment
Performing the Procedure
Physiologic Considerations in the Adult
Complications and Troubleshooting in Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery
Training and Practicing Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Suggested Readings
References
15 Basic Energy Modalities in Urologic Surgery
Tissue Dissection and Cauterization
Intracorporeal Lithotripters
Pneumatic Lithotripsy
Ultrasonic Lithotripsy
Holmium:YAG and Erbium:YAG Laser Lithotripsy
Dual-Modality Lithotripters
Suggested Readings
References
16 Evaluation and Management of Hematuria
Classification and Timing of Hematuria
Microscopic Hematuria
Guideline-Based Evaluation of Patients With Microhematuria
Symptomatic Microscopic Hematuria
Gross Hematuria
Hemorrhagic Cystitis
Hematuria From Prostatic Origin
Urethral Bleeding
Hematuria Originating From the Upper Urinary Tract
Suggested Readings
References
17 Complications of Urologic Surgery
Classification of Complications
Physiologic Complications
Positional and Neuromuscular Complications
Urinary Complications
Urine Leaks After Upper Tract Urologic Surgery
Ureteral Injuries
Lower Tract Urinary Complications
Vascular Complications
Bowel Injuries
Conclusion
References
18 Urologic Considerations in Pregnancy
Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy
Physiologic Hydronephrosis of Pregnancy
General Considerations for Imaging of the Pregnant Patient
General Concepts for Surgical Management of the Pregnant Patient
General Concepts of Urologic Medication Administration During Pregnancy
Urolithiasis in Pregnancy
Pregnancy in Women With Congenital Urologic Conditions
Functional and Anatomic Urologic Concerns During Pregnancy
Urologic Malignancy During Pregnancy
Management of Urinary Tract Infections in Pregnancy
Urologic Management of Placental Abnormalities
Acknowledgments
References
19 Intraoperative Consultation
Ethical Considerations
Decision Making
Documentation
Urethral Injury
Bladder Injury
Ureteral Injury
Renal Injury
Placental Cases
References
Part III Pediatric Urology
Section A Development and Prenatal Urology
20 Embryology of the Genitourinary Tract
Development of the External Genitalia
Development of the Female External Genitalia
Development of the Human Prostate
Development of the Human Seminal Vesicle
Development of the Gonads
Müllerian Structures (Female Internal Genitalia)
Development of the Ureter
Kidneys
Acknowledgment
Suggested Readings
References
21 Urologic Aspects of Pediatric Nephrology
Introduction
Renal Function, Fluid, and Electrolyte Homeostasis
Hematuria (Microscopic and Gross)
Proteinuria
Glomerular Disease
Tubulopathies
Cystic Renal Disease
Urolithiasis: Medical Management
Hypertension
Acute Kidney Injury
Chronic Kidney Disease
End-Stage Renal Disease: Dialysis and Renal Transplantation
Summary
Suggested Readings
References
22 Perinatal Urology
Prenatal Imaging
Grading Systems
Prenatal Multidisciplinary Consultations
Urinary Tract Dilation
Postnatal Evaluation and Management
Management Recommendations for Postnatal Urinary Tract Dilation
Key Conditions
Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction (Posterior Urethral Valve, Prune Belly Syndrome, Urethral Stenosis/Atresia)
Kidney Anomalies
Exstrophy (Bladder/Cloacal)
Urogenital Sinus/Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Perinatal Urgencies/Emergencies
References
Section B Basic Principles
23 Urologic Evaluation of the Child
Overview of Pediatric Urology
Imaging
Presentations by Genitourinary Region
Acknowledgments
References
24 Pediatric Urogenital Imaging
Technique
sonography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Conventional Radiography
Voiding Cystourethrography/Micturating Cystourethrogram
Computed Tomography
DMSA Renal Cortical Scintigraphy
Diuretic Renal Scintigraphy
Radionuclide Cystography
Radionuclide Testicular Scanning
Suggested Readings
References
25 Infection and Inflammation of the Pediatric Genitourinary Tract
Evaluation and Management of a Child With a Fever
Classification of Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections
Diagnosis of Pediatric Urinary Tract Infection
Management of Pediatric Urinary Tract Infection
Management After Urinary Tract Infection
Sequelae of Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections
Uncommon Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections
Suggested Readings
References
26 Core Principles of Perioperative Management in Children
Pediatric Anesthesia
Preoperative Assessment and Preparation for Surgery
Comorbidities: Perioperative Planning and Postoperative Considerations
ERAS Protocols
Laparoscopic Procedures
Opioid Use in Children
References
27 Principles of Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery in Children
Advantages and Disadvantages of Minimally Invasive Surgery
Physiology of the Pneumoperitoneum
Patient Selection for Mimimally Invasive Surgery
Access
Approach
Equipment and Instrumentation
Complications of Minimally Invasive Surgery
Simulation Training and Evaluation
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References
Section C Lower Urinary Tract Conditions
28 Clinical and Urodynamic Evaluation of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction in Children
Clinical Evaluation
Laboratory Testing
Urodynamic Evaluation
Evaluation Strategies for Specific Clinical Entities
Acknowledgments
Suggested Readings
References
29 Management Strategies for Vesicoureteral Reflux
Historical Perspective
Demographics
Inheritance and Genetics
Embryology of the Ureterovesical Junction
Functional Anatomy of the Antireflux Mechanism
Causes of Vesicoureteral Reflux
Urinary Tract Infection and Reflux
Grading of Reflux
Cortical Defects
Diagnosis and Evaluation of Vesicoureteral Reflux
Assessment of the Lower Urinary Tract
Assessment of the Upper Urinary Tract
Controversies in Usage of Invasive Investigations
Associated Anomalies and Conditions
Natural History and Management
References
30 Bladder Anomalies in Children
Congenital Bladder Anomalies
Acquired Bladder Anomalies in Children
Acknowledgments
References
31 Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex
Historical Aspects
Incidence and Inheritance
Embryology
Classic Bladder Exstrophy
Surgical Reconstruction of Bladder Exstrophy
Modern Initial Repair of Bladder Exstrophy: Outcomes and Results
Other Modern Exstrophy Repairs: Continence Outcomes
Exstrophy Reconstruction Failures and Complications
Transitional Exstrophy Patient: Adolescent and Adult Concerns
Continence
Male Concerns
Female Concerns
Quality of Life
Long-Term Adjustment Issues
Epispadias
Cloacal Exstrophy
Surgical Reconstruction of Cloacal Exstrophy
Long-Term Issues in Cloacal Exstrophy
Summary
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Suggested Readings
References
32 Prune-Belly Syndrome
Genetics
Embryology
Clinical Features of Prune-Belly Syndrome
Presentation
Evaluation and Management
Long-Term Outlook
Suggested Readings
References
33 Posterior Urethral Valves
Background
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology of Posterior Urethral Valves
Diagnosis
Clinical Presentation and Initial Management
Surgical Intervention
Management of Vesicoureteral Reflux
Bladder Dysfunction and Valve Bladder Syndrome
Prognostic Indicators for Renal Function
Transplantation in Valve Patients
Quality of Life With Posterior Urethral Valves
Anterior Urethral Valves
Urethral Atresia
Urethral Duplication
Urethrorrhagia
Urinary Fistula in Boys With Anorectal Malformation
Suggested Readings
References
34 Neuromuscular Dysfunction of the Lower Urinary Tract in Children
Neural Tube Defects
Management of Neuromuscular Dysfunction of the Lower Urinary Tract
Management of Vesicoureteral Reflux in Neuropathic Dysfunction of the Lower Urinary Tract
Lipomeningocele and Other Spinal Dysraphisms
Sacral Agenesis
Conditions of the Pelvis
Central Nervous System Insults
Conditions of the Brain (Tumors/Infarcts/Encephalopathies)
Conditions of the Spinal Cord
Suggested Readings
References
35 Functional Disorders of the Lower Urinary Tract in Children
Clinical Significance
Epidemiology
Self-Esteem and Quality-of-Life Issues
Comorbidities
Terminology
Daytime Urinary Incontinence and Bladder Dysfunction
Enuresis
Suggested Readings
References
36 Management of Defecation Disorders
Epidemiology and Classification of Disorders of Defecation
Management
Suggested Readings
References
37 Lower Urinary Tract Reconstruction in Children
“Functional” Urinary Tract
Patient Evaluation
Patient Preparation
Antireflux
Bladder Neck Reconstruction
Bladder Reconstruction
Augmentation Cystoplasty
Continent Urinary Diversion
Summary
Suggested Readings
References
Section D Upper Urinary Tract Conditions
38 Anomalies of the Upper Urinary Tract
Anomalies of Renal Number
Anomalies of Renal Ascent
Anomalies of Renal Form and Fusion
Anomalies of Renal Rotation
Anomalies of Renal Vasculature
Renal Artery Aneurysm
Anomalies of the Renal Collecting System
Acknowledgments
References
39 Renal Dysgenesis and Cystic Disease of the Kidney
Overview of Genetics
Renal Agenesis and Dysplasia
Hypoplasia and Hypodysplasia
Cystic Diseases of the Kidney
Autosomal Recessive (Infantile) Polycystic Kidney Disease
Autosomal Dominant (Adult) Polycystic Kidney Disease
Juvenile Nephronophthisis and Medullary Cystic Disease Complex
Other Inheritable Renal Cystic Diseases (Congenital Nephrosis)
Familial Hypoplastic Glomerulocystic Kidney Disease (Cortical Microcystic Disease)
Multiple Malformation Syndromes With Renal Cysts
Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney
Benign Multilocular Cyst (Cystic Nephroma)
Simple Cysts
Medullary Sponge Kidney
Sporadic Glomerulocystic Kidney Disease
Acquired Renal Cystic Disease
Calyceal Diverticulum (Pyelogenic Cyst)
Parapelvic and Renal Sinus Cysts
Acknowledgment
Suggested Readings
References
40 Pathophysiology of Urinary Tract Obstruction
Prevalence
Clinical Presentation of Obstruction
Progressive Renal Dysfunction
Definition of Obstruction
Diagnosis and Imaging
Pathological Changes of Obstruction
Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis
Hemodyamic Changes With Obstruction
Effects of Obstruction on Tubular Function
Egress of Urine From the Obstructed Kidney
Clinical Impact of Renal Obstruction
Treatment of Renal Obstruction
Suggested Readings
References
41 Ectopic Ureter, Ureterocele, and Ureteral Anomalies
Classification and Anatomic Description
Clinical Presentation
Evaluation
Clinical Management
Other Ureteral Anomalies
Suggested Readings
References
42 Surgery of the Ureter in Children
Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
Vesicoureteric Reflux
Endoscopic Treatment of Vesicoureteral Reflux
Megaureter
Suggested Readings
References
43 Management of Pediatric Kidney Stone Disease
Extrarenal Manifestations
Management of Children and Adolescents With Kidney and Ureteral Stones
Shock Wave Lithotripsy
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
Laparoscopic and Robotic-Assisted Pyelolithotomy
References
Section E Genitalia
44 Management of Abnormalities of the External Genitalia in Boys
Normal Male External Genitalia
Penile Anomalies
Scrotal Anomalies
Vascular Lesions of the Genitalia
Hernia and Hydroceles
Acute Scrotum
Varicocele
Epididymal and Vasal Anomalies
Suggested Readings
References
45 Hypospadias
Embryology
Diagnosis of Hypospadias
Etiology of Hypospadias
Surgical Assessment
Advancement Procedures
Tubularization Techniques
Hypospadias Outcomes
Future
Suggested Readings
References
46 Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management of the Undescended Testis
Introduction
Definitions
Etiology
Diagnosis
General Guidelines for Management
Medical Management
Surgical Management
Prognosis
Suggested Readings
References
47 Management of Abnormalities of the Genitalia in Girls
Female Genital Embryology
Evaluation and Classification of Female Genital Anomalies
Congenital Disorders of Female External Genitalia
Acquired Disorders of the Female External Genitalia
Suggested Readings
References
48 Disorders of Sexual Development
Normal Sexual Development
Abnormal Sexual Development
Evaluation and Management of the Newborn With Ambiguous Genitalia
Suggested Readings
References
Section F Reconstruction and Trauma
49 Surgical Management of Differences of Sexual Differentiation and Cloacal and Anorectal Malformations
Classification of Urogenital Sinus and Cloacal Anomalies
Surgical Reconstruction of Disorders of Sex Development and Urogenital Sinus
Surgical Reconstruction for Cloacal Malformations
Summary
Suggested Readings
References
50 Adolescent and Transitional Urology
Definitions
Patient Population
Setting Up a Service
Barriers to Transition
Clinical Delivery
Patient/Parent Preparation for Transition
Clinical Practice: Major Diagnoses
Male
Females Born With Exstrophy
Spina Bifida: the Neuropathic Bladder
Posterior Urethral Valves
Summary
Suggested Readings
References
51 Urologic Considerations in Pediatric Renal Transplantation
Pretransplant Assessment
Pretransplant Preparation
Transplantation
Complications
Summary
Suggested Readings
References
52 Pediatric Genitourinary Trauma
Renal Injuries
Indications for Renal Imaging
Imaging Studies for Diagnosis
Classification and Grading of Renal Injuries
Persistent or Delayed Bleeding
Operative
Ureteral Trauma
Bladder Injuries
Genital Injury in the Pediatric Population
References
Section G Oncology
53 Pediatric Urologic Oncology
Neuroblastoma
Wilms Tumor
References
54 Pediatric Urologic Oncology
Epidemiology and Syndromic Associations
Pathology and Molecular Biology
Presentation, Initial Evaluation and Management, Staging
Other Bladder Tumors
Female Genital Tract
Testicular Tumors
Paratesticular Rhabdomyosarcoma
Perineal Rhabdomyosarcoma
Suggested Readings
References
Volume II
Part IV Infections and Inflammation
55 Infections of the Urinary Tract
Definitions
Incidence and Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Evaluation
Localization
Imaging
Microbiome
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy
Bladder Infections
Kidney Infections
Other Infections
Bacteremia, Sepsis, and Septic Shock
Bacteriuria and Urinary Tract Infections in the Elderly
Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection
Management of Urinary Tract Infections in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury
Kidney Transplant Recipients
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Common Urologic Procedures
Acknowledgments
References
56 Inflammatory and Pain Conditions of the Male Genitourinary Tract
Prostatitis
Acute and Chronic Orchitis and Orchialgia
References
57 Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome and Related Disorders
A Brief History and Overview
Definition, Nomenclature, and Taxonomy
Historical Perspective of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome: Early 1800S to 1970S
Voiding Symptoms and Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome
Epidemiology of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome
The Epidemiology of Hunner Lesions
Etiology
Pathology
Beyond the History, Physical Examination, and Urine Studies
Treatment of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome
Final Thoughts
Suggested Readings
References
58 Sexually Transmitted Diseases*
Epidemiology of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Urethritis
Epididymitis
Genital, Anal, and Perianal Ulcers
Anogenital Warts
Zika Virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Viral Hepatitis
Ectoparasitic Infections
Vaginitis
References
59 Cutaneous Diseases of the External Genitalia
Introduction to Basic Dermatology
Dermatologic Therapy
Allergic Dermatitis
Papulosquamous Disorders
Vesicobullous Disorders
Noninfectious Ulcers
Infections and Infestations
Neoplastic Conditions
Benign Cutaneous Disorders Specific to the Male Genitalia
Common Miscellaneous Cutaneous Disorders
Suggested Readings
References
60 Tuberculosis and Parasitic Infections of the Genitourinary Tract
Genitourinary Tuberculosis
Parasitic Infections of the Urogenital Tract
Suggested Readings
References
Part V Molecular and Cellular Biology
61 Basic Principles of Immunology and Immunotherapy in Urologic Oncology
Innate Immune System
Adaptive Immune System
Immune Editing Hypothesis
Chronic Inflammation and the Endogenous Immune Response to Genitourinary Cancers
Chronic Inflammation and the Immune Response to Bladder Cancer
Immune Microenvironment in Kidney Cancer
Chronic Inflammation and the Immune Response to Prostate Cancer
Immunotherapy for Genitourinary Cancers
Conclusions
Suggested Readings
References
62 Molecular Genetics and Cancer Biology
Tumor Suppressor Genes and Oncogenes
Cell Cycle Deregulation
DNA Methylation
DNA Damage and Repair
Genomic Alterations
Telomeres and Telomerase
Apoptosis
Stem Cells and Cancer
Checkpoint Inhibition
Microbiome and Cancer: the Metagenome
Suggested Readings
References
Part VI Reproductive and Sexual Function
63 Surgical, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
Testis
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Seminal Vesicles and Ejaculatory Ducts
Prostate
Urethra
Penis
Scrotum
Suggested Readings
References
64 Male Reproductive Physiology
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
Epididymis
Ductus (Vas) Deferens
Seminal Vesicle and Ejaculatory Ducts
Spermatozoa
Summary
Suggested Readings
References
65 Integrated Men's Health
Rationale for Integrative Men's Health
Metabolic Syndrome and Men's Health
Testosterone Therapy and Cardiovascular Risk: Advances and Controversies
Association Between Cardiovascular Disease and Erectile Dysfunction
Mental Health and Opioid Abuse in Men
Building an Integrative Men's Health Center
References
66 Male Infertility
Epidemiology
History
Physical Examination
Laboratory Evaluation of Male Infertility
Imaging in the Evaluation of Male Infertility
Testis Histopathology
Assisted Reproduction
Fertility Preservation in Cancer
Suggested Readings
References
67 Surgical Management of Male Infertility
Surgical Anatomy
Testis Biopsy
Vasography
Vasovasostomy
Surgery of the Epididymis
Transurethral Resection of the Ejaculatory Ducts
Electroejaculation
Sperm Retrieval Techniques
Varicocelectomy
Orchiopexy in Adults
Acknowledgments
References
68 Physiology of Penile Erection and Pathophysiology of Erectile Dysfunction
Physiology of Penile Erection
Pathophysiology of Erectile Dysfunction
Perspectives
Suggested Readings
References
69 Evaluation and Management of Erectile Dysfunction
Historical Perspective
Public Health Significance
Management Principles
Diagnostic Evaluation
Specialized Evaluation and Testing
Treatment Considerations
Future Directions
Acknowledgment
References
70 Priapism
Defining Priapism
Priapism: Historical Perspectives
Epidemiology of Priapism
Molecular Basis of Ischemic and Stuttering Priapism
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Priapism
Medical Treatments
Surgical Management of Ischemic Priapism
Interventional Angiography in the Management of Arterial (Nonischemic, High-Flow) Priapism
Surgical Management of Arterial (Nonischemic, High-Flow) Priapism
Summary
Suggested Readings
References
71 Disorders of Male Orgasm and Ejaculation
Anatomy and Physiology of the Ejaculatory Response
Premature Ejaculation
Kate! Delayed Ejaculation, Anejaculation, and Anorgasmia
Retrograde Ejaculation
Sperm Retrieval in Men With Anejaculation Pursuing Fertility
Ejaculatory Anhedonia
Post-SSRI Sexual Dysfunction
Orgasmic Headache
Painful Ejaculation
Postorgasmic Illness Syndrome
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References
72 Surgery for Erectile Dysfunction
Types of Implants Available
Informed Consent
Preoperative Preparation
Incisions
Technique of Device Placement
Intraoperative Troubleshooting
Postoperative Complications
Special Situations
Postoperative Care
Patient and Partner Satisfaction
Suggested Readings
References
73 Diagnosis and Management of Peyronie's Disease
General Considerations
Natural History
Epidemiology
Penile Anatomy and Peyronie's Disease
Etiology of Peyronie's Disease
Symptoms
Evaluation of the Patient
Treatment Protocols
Nonsurgical Treatment of Peyronie's Disease
Surgical Management
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References
74 Sexual Function and Dysfunction in the Female
Anatomy and Physiology of Female Sexual Organs
Evaluation of Sexual Wellness
Special Populations
Female Sexual Interest Disorder
Female Sexual Arousal Disorder
Pharmacotherapy for Female Sexual Arousal Disorder
Genitopelvic Pain and Penetration Disorder
Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction and Female Sexual Dysfunction
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Female Sexual Dysfunction: Links and Treatments
Self-Image/Body Image Connected to Female Sexual Dysfunction and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
Conclusion
References
Part VII Male Genitalia
75 Surgical, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Retroperitoneum
Body Surface Landmarks
Posterior Abdominal Wall
Lumbodorsal Fascia
Retroperitoneal Fasciae and Spaces
Gastrointestinal Viscera and Mesentery
Vasculature
Lymphatic System
Nervous Structures
Suggested Readings
References
76 Neoplasms of the Testis
Germ Cell Tumors
Non–Germ Cell Tumors
Tumors of the Testicular Adnexa
Suggested Readings
References
77 Surgery of Testicular Tumors
Management of Testis Mass
Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection
Auxiliary Procedures
Surgical Decision Making
Histologic Findings at Post-Chemotherapy Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection and Survival Outcomes
Post-Chemotherapy Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection in High-Risk Populations
Surgical Outcomes, Functional Considerations, and Complications of Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection
Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection in Unique Situations
Conclusion
References
78 Laparoscopic and Robotic-Assisted Retroperitoneal Lymphadenectomy for Testicular Tumors
Rationale and Evolution
Staging Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection and Controversy
Duplication of Open Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection
Development of Robotic-Assisted Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection
Surgical Technique
Postoperative Care
Prospective Nerve-Sparing Techniques
Complications
Results and Current Status
Summary
Suggested Readings
References
79 Tumors of the Penis
Premalignant Cutaneous Lesions
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Surgical Management of the Primary Tumor
Treatment of the Inguinal Nodes
Radiation Therapy
Chemotherapy
Nonsquamous Penile Malignant Neoplasms
References
80 Tumors of the Urethra
Benign Urethral Tumors
Male Urethral Cancer
Female Urethral Cancer
Urethral Recurrence After Radical Cystectomy
Acknowledgments
References
81 Inguinal Node Dissection
Introduction
Anatomic Background
Inguinal Anatomy
Endoscopic Anatomy of Inguinal Area
Imaging Evaluation of Inguinal Area
Penile Cancer: Surgical Management of Regional Lymph Nodes
Penile Cancer: Nonpalpable Inguinal Adenopathy
Penile Cancer: Palpable Inguinal Adenopathy or Positive Inguinal Lymph Nodes
Preparation of the Patient Before Surgery
Postoperative Care of Patients After Inguinal Lymphadenectomy
Complications of Inguinal Lymphadenectomy
Oncologic Results and Follow-Up After Surgery
References
82 Surgery for Benign Disorders of the Penis and Urethra
Generalities of Reconstructive Surgical Techniques
Principles of Reconstructive Surgery
Surgical Anatomy of the Penis and Male Perineum
Selected Processes
Urethral Stricture Disease
Pelvic Fracture Urethral Injuries
Vesicourethral Distraction Defects (Vesicourethral Stenosis)
Complex Fistula of the Posterior Urethra
Curvatures of the Penis
Penile Transplantation
Suggested Readings
References
83 Surgery of the Scrotum and Seminal Vesicles
Surgical Anatomy of the Scrotum
Preoperative Considerations
Surgeries of the Scrotum
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Surgical Management of Chronic Scrotal Pain
Complications of Scrotal Surgery
Anatomy and Embryology of Seminal Vesicles
Surgical Approaches to Seminal Vesicles
Surgeries of the Seminal Vesicles
Complications of Seminal Vesicle Surgery
Suggested Readings
References
Part VIII Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology
84 Surgical, Radiologic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Kidney and Ureter
Kidneys
Pelvicalyceal System
Ureters
Suggested Readings
References
85 Physiology and Pharmacology of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter
Cellular Anatomy
Development of the Ureter
Electric Activity
Contractile Activity
Role of the Nervous System in Ureteral Function
Mechanical Properties
Urine Transport
Pathologic Processes Affecting Ureteral Function
Effect of Pregnancy on Ureteral Function
Effect of Drugs on the Ureter
Cardiac Glycosides
Suggested Readings
References
86 Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology Including Renovascular Hypertension
Glomerular Filtration
Pathophysiology and Management of Renovascular Hypertension
Suggested Readings
References
87 Renal Insufficiency and Ischemic Nephropathy
Acute Kidney Injury
Chronic Kidney Disease
Suggested Readings
References
88 Urologic Complications of Renal Transplantation
Hematuria
Ureteral Stent Management
Urinary Leak
Ureteral Stricture
Vesicoureteral Reflux
Lymphocele
Nephrolithiasis
Lower Urinary Tract Complications
Genitourinary Malignancies
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References
Part IX Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction and Trauma
89 Management of Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction
Evaluation of Upper Tract Obstruction
Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
Retrocaval Ureter
Ureteral Stricture Disease
Ureteroenteric Anastomotic Stricture
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
Suggested Readings
References
90 Upper Urinary Tract Trauma
Renal Injuries
Ureteral Injuries
Suggested Readings
References
Part X Urinary Lithiasis and Endourology
91 Urinary Lithiasis
Epidemiology of Renal Calculi
Physicochemistry and Pathogenesis
Mineral Metabolism
Pathophysiology of Upper Urinary Tract Calculi
Suggested Readings
References
92 Evaluation and Medical Management of Urinary Lithiasis
Evaluation of Urinary Lithiasis
Epidemiology and Morbidity From Urinary Lithiasis
Imaging for Urinary Lithiasis
Metabolic Evaluation
Stone Analysis
Classification of Nephrolithiasis
Calcium-Based Calculi
Hypercalciuria (>200 mg/day)
Hypocitraturia (<550 mg/day Female, <450 mg/day Male)
Hyperoxaluria (>40 mg/day)
Cystinuria
References
93 Strategies for Nonmedical Management of Upper Urinary Tract Calculi
Kidney Calculi
Ureteral Calculi
Rise of Endourology
Renal Calculi
Ureteral Calculi
Suggested Readings
References
94 Surgical Management for Upper Urinary Tract Calculi
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
Ureteroscopic Stone Management
Intracorporeal Lithotripsy
Laparoscopic and Robotic Stone Removal
References
95 Lower Urinary Tract Calculi
History
Etiopathogenesis of Bladder Calculi
Presentation of Bladder Stones
Management of Bladder Stones
Lower Tract Calculi in Special Situations
Urethral Calculi
Suggested Readings
References
Part XI Neoplasms of the Upper Urinary Tract
96 Benign Renal Tumors
Diagnosis
Renal Cysts
Oncocytoma
Angiomyolipoma
Papillary Adenoma of the Kidney
Metanephric Adenoma
Mixed Mesenchymal and Epithelial Tumors
Mixed Epithelial and Stromal Tumors
Leiomyoma
Other Benign Renal Tumors
Suggested Readings
References
97 Malignant Renal Tumors
Historical Considerations
Classification
Radiographic Evaluation of Renal Masses
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Treatment of Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma
Treatment of Locally Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma
Other Malignant Renal Tumors
Suggested Readings
References
98 Urothelial Tumors of the Upper Urinary Tract and Ureter
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Histopathology
Diagnosis
Staging and Classification
Prognosis
References
99 Surgical Management of Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Tumors
Diagnosis
Treatment Algorithm
Surgical Management
Endourologic Management
Follow-Up
References
100 Retroperitoneal Tumors
Overview
Anatomic Considerations of the Retroperitoneum
Initial Evaluation of the Retroperitoneal Mass
Differential Diagnosis
Surgical Management of the Retroperitoneal Tumor
Disease-Specific Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Therapies
Conclusions
References
101 Open Surgery of the Kidney
Historical Perspective
Preoperative Evaluation and Preparation
Surgical Approaches
Surgery for Benign Diseases
Surgery for Malignancy
Suggested Readings
References
102 Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery of the Kidney
Patient Evaluation and Preparation
Surgical Approaches and Obtaining Access
Simple Nephrectomy
Surgery for Renal Cystic Disease
Renal Biopsy for Medical Renal Disease
Nephropexy
Calyceal Diverticulectomy
Nephrolysis
Radical Nephrectomy
Partial Nephrectomy
Laparoscopic Ablative Techniques
Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Surgery of the Kidney
Complications ff Laparoscopic Renal Surgery
Minimally Invasive Renal Surgery in Urologic Practice
Summary
Suggested Readings
References
103 Nonsurgical Focal Therapy for Renal Tumors
Cryoablation
Radiofrequency Ablation
Surgical Technique
Treatment Success and Follow-Up Protocol After Tumor Ablation
Oncologic Outcomes
Complications
New Ablation Modalities
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References
104 Treatment of Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma
Prognostic Factors
Surgical Management of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Immunologic Approaches in the Management of Advanced Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Molecular Basis for Targeted Approaches in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Targeted Molecular Agents in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Immune “Checkpoint” Inhibitor–Based Combination Strategies
Other Treatment Options in Patients With Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Systemic Therapy for Non–Clear Cell Variants of Renal Cell Carcinoma
Suggested Readings
References
Volume III
Part XII The Adrenals
105 Surgical and Radiographic Anatomy of the Adrenals
Anatomic Relationships
Surgical Landmarks
Adrenal Vasculature
Adrenal Nerves
Embryology
Histology
Radiology
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References
106 Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Medical Management of Adrenal Disorders
Historical Background
Adrenal Anatomy and Embryology
Adrenal Physiology
Adrenal Disorders
Evaluation of Adrenal Lesions in Urologic Practice
Conclusions
Suggested Readings
References
107 Surgery of the Adrenal Glands
Evolution of Adrenal Surgery
Surgical Anatomy
Clinical Indications for Adrenalectomy
Indications and Contraindications for Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy
Preoperative and Perioperative Management
Open Adrenalectomy
Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy
Robot-Assisted Adrenalectomy
Robot-Assisted Posterior Retroperitoneal Adrenalectomy
Hand-Assisted Surgery
Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Adrenalectomy
Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery–Assisted Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy
Partial Adrenalectomy
Outcomes
Complications
Ablative Therapy for Adrenal Tumors
Future of Adrenal Surgery
Suggested Readings
References
Part XIII Urine Transport, Storage, and Emptying
108 Surgical, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Female Pelvis
Surgical Anatomy of the Female Pelvis
Radiographic Anatomy of the Female Pelvis
References
109 Surgical, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Male Pelvis
Bony Pelvis
Lower Abdominal Wall
Soft Tissues of the Pelvis
Perineum
Pelvic Circulation
Pelvic Viscera
Endoscopic Anatomy
Radiographic Anatomy
References
110 Physiology and Pharmacology of the Bladder and Urethra
Lower Urinary Tract Anatomy
Bladder Compartments
Overview of the Urethra
Urothelial Physiology
Smooth Muscle Physiology
Bladder Mechanics
Neural Control of the Lower Urinary Tract
Pharmacology
Clinical Relevance
Future Research
References
111 Pathophysiology and Classification of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction
Normal Lower Urinary Tract Function: Overview
Micturition Cycle: Simplification and Overview
Abnormalities of Filling/Storage and Emptying/Voiding: Overview of Pathophysiology
Classification Systems
Suggested Readings
References
112 Evaluation and Management of Women With Urinary Incontinence and Pelvic Prolapse
Definition and Impact of Pelvic Floor Disorders
Diagnostic Evaluation
Physical Examination
Supplemental Evaluation
Management
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References
113 Evaluation and Management of Men With Urinary Incontinence
Types of Urinary Incontinence
Evaluation
Principal Methods of Treating Men With Urinary Incontinence
Management of Different Urinary Incontinence Types in Men
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References
114 Urodynamic and Video-Urodynamic Evaluation of the Lower Urinary Tract
Role of Urodynamics in Clinical Practice
Conducting a Urodynamic Study: Patient and Technical Factors
Components of the Urodynamic Study
Urodynamic Equipment
The Urodynamic Study: Analysis and Interpetation
Videourodynamics
Ambulatory Urodynamics
Clinical Applications of Urodynamic Studies: Evidence-Based Review and Guidelines Pertaining to Urodynamics
Future Directions
References
115 Urinary Incontinence and Pelvic Prolapse
Definition and Classification of Urinary Incontinence
Terminology of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Incontinence
Epidemiology of Urinary Incontinence in Women
Risk Factors for Urinary Incontinence in Women
Epidemiology of Urinary Incontinence in Men
Definitions and Classification of Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Epidemiology of Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Relationship Between Urinary Incontinence and Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Consequences of Urinary Incontinence and Prolapse
Physiology of Urinary Continence
Pathophysiology of Urinary Incontinence: General Principles
Pathophysiology of Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women
Pathophysiology of Insensible Incontinence
Pelvic Floor Support Mechanism
Pathophysiology of Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Suggested Readings
References
116 Neuromuscular Dysfunction of the Lower Urinary Tract
Objectives
Patterns of Neuropathic Voiding Dysfunction
Diseases at or Above the Brainstem
Diseases Primarily Involving the Spinal Cord
Disease Distal to the Spinal Cord
Miscellaneous Neurologic Diseases Causing Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction
Miscellaneous Conditions Definitely, Probably, or Possibly Related to Neuromuscular Dysfunction
Treatment of Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction: Overview
Suggested Readings
References
117 Overactive Bladder
Terminology and Definitions
Epidemiology and Economics
Pathophysiology and Etiology
Clinical Assessment
Management
Suggested Readings
References
118 The Underactive Detrusor
Terminology, Definitions, and Symptoms
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Diagnosis
Management
Regenerative Medicine
Conclusions
Suggested Readings
References
119 Nocturia
Rationale for Evaluation and Management
Evaluation
Cause and Management
Suggested Readings
References
120 Pharmacologic Management of Lower Urinary Tract Storage and Emptying Failure
Introduction
Pharmacologic Therapy to Facilitate Bladder Filling and Urine Storage
Pharmacologic Therapy to Facilitate Bladder Emptying
Suggested Readings
References
121 Conservative Management of Urinary Incontinence
Indications
Assessment Before Behavioral Treatments
Patient Education
Pelvic Floor Muscle Training
Behavioral Training With Urge Suppression
Role of Biofeedback
Pelvic Floor Muscle Electrical Stimulation
Bladder Training and Scheduled Voiding Regimens
Behavioral Treatment for Voiding and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
Prevention of Urinary Incontinence
Vaginal and Urethral Mechanical Devices for Incontinence
Models of Delivery
Suggested Readings
References
122 Electrical Stimulation and Neuromodulation in Storage and Emptying Failure
History of Electrical Stimulation
Neurophysiology Relevant to Electrical Stimulation for Storage and Voiding Disorders
Sacral Anterior Root Stimulation and Sacral Dorsal Rhizotomy
Goal and Effect of Dorsal Rhizotomy of the Sacral Nerves
Current and Future Perspectives for Neurostimulation
Working Mechanism of Electrical Stimulation in Non-Neurogenic Storage and Voiding Disorders
Techniques of Electrostimulation of the Lower Urinary Tract
Constant Versus Intermittent Stimulation
Rechargeable Neurostimulator
Other Issues
Suggested Readings
References
123 Retropubic Suspension Surgery for Incontinence in Women
Therapeutic Options
Choice of Surgical Technique
Assessing Outcomes of Therapy
Indications for Retropubic Repair
General Technical Issues
Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz Procedure
Burch Colposuspension
Paravaginal Repair
Vagino-Obturator Shelf Repair
Laparoscopic Retropubic Suspension
Complications of Retropubic Repairs
Comparisons of Incontinence Procedures
World Without Mesh
Suggested Readings
References
124 Vaginal and Abdominal Reconstructive Surgery for Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Preparing the Patient for Prolapse Surgery
Use of Mesh in Vaginal Surgery: Current Controversy
Surgical Management of Pelvic Organ Prolapse
References
125 Slings
The Evolution of Slings
Pathophysiology of Stress Urinary Incontinence and Sling Mechanism of Action
The Age of the Mid-Urethral Sling
Preoperative Assessment
Alternative Treatment Options
Pubovaginal Sling (PVS)
Pubovaginal Sling Operative Procedure
Outcomes of Pubovaginal Slings for Predominantly Stress Urinary Incontinence
Outcomes of Autologous Pubovaginal Slings for Mixed Urinary Incontinence
Outcomes of Autologous Pubovaginal Slings for Urethral Reconstruction
Voiding Dysfunction Secondary to Bladder Outlet Obstruction After Pubovaginal Sling Surgery
Complications of Pubovaginal Slings
Mid-Urethral Slings
Mid-Urethral Sling Operative Procedures
Complications of Retropubic, Transobturator, and Single-Incision Mid-Urethral Slings
Mid-Urethral Sling Trocar Injury to the Urinary Tract
Sexual Dysfunction After Mid-Urethral Sling Surgery
Other Complications After Mid-Urethral Sling Surgery
Suggested Readings
References
126 Complications Related to the Use of Mesh and Their Repair
Mesh and Its Properties
Mesh Slings for Stress Urinary Incontinence
Risk Factors for Mesh Sling Complications
Mesh Complications Among the Three Slings
Male Mesh Slings
References
127 Additional Therapies for Storage and Emptying Failure
Additional Therapies for Storage Failure at the Bladder Level
Additional Therapies for Storage Failure at the Bladder Outlet
Additional Therapies for Emptying
Additional Therapies for Storage and Emptying Failure: Circumventing the Problem
Summary
Suggested Readings
References
128 Aging and Geriatric Urology
Biology and Principles of Aging
Demographics of Aging
Clinical Evaluation of the Geriatric Urology Patient
End-of-Life Care and Urology
Summary
Suggested Readings
References
129 Urinary Tract Fistulae
General Considerations
Vesicovaginal Fistulae
Iatrogenic Fistulae
Ureteric Fistulae
Vesicouterine Fistulae
Urethrovaginal Fistulae
Uroenteric Fistulae
Pyeloenteric Fistulae
Rectourethral Fistulae
Urovascular Fistulae
Renovascular and Pyelovascular Fistulae
Ureterovascular Fistulae
Oncologic and Radiation Fistulae
Cancer Surgery
Radiation Fistulae
Other Urinary Fistulae
Acknowledgments
Suggested Readings
References
130 Bladder and Female Urethral Diverticula
Bladder Diverticula
Female Urethral Diverticula
Urethral Diverticula
Suggested Readings
References
131 Surgical Procedures for Sphincteric Incontinence in the Male
Classification, Pathophysiology, and Etiology
Indications for Surgery
Technique of Device Implantation
Artificial Urinary Sphincter Complications
Long-Term Results of Artificial Urinary Sphincters and Slings
Future Directions
Summary
Acknowledgment
Suggested Readings
References
Part XIV Benign and Malignant Bladder Disorders
132 Bladder Surgery for Benign Disease
Bladder Anatomy and Surgical Considerations
Bladder Diverticulectomy
Ureteral Reimplantation
Psoas Hitch and Boari Flap
Enterocystoplasty
Partial Cystectomy and Urachal Surgery
Bladder Stones and Foreign-Body Removal
References
133 Genital and Lower Urinary Tract Trauma
Injuries of the External Genitalia
Bladder Injury
Urethral Injury
Suggested Readings
References
134 Special Urologic Considerations in Transgender Individuals
Urologic Issues in Gender Nonconforming Youths
Urologic Issues in Male-to-Female Transsexuals (Transwomen)
Urologic Issues in Female-to-Male Transsexuals (Transmen)
Postoperative Care, Follow-Up, and Urethral Complications
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References
135 Tumors of the Bladder
Epidemiology
Economic Impact
Risk Factors
Detection of Urothelial Carcinoma
Pathology
Histologic Variants of Urothelial Carcinoma
References
136 Management Strategies for Non–Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (Ta, T1, and CIS)
Pathology: Grading and Staging
Endoscopic Surgical Management
Intravesical Therapy
Refractory High-Grade Disease
Surveillance and Prevention
Suggested Readings
References
137 Management of Muscle-Invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer
Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Evaluation
Radical Cystectomy and Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Neoadjuvant Therapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Adjuvant Therapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Prognostic Nomograms for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Management of Metastatic Bladder Cancer
Suggested Readings
References
138 Surgical Management of Bladder Cancer
Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors
Patient Preparation
Surgical Technique
Pelvic Lymphadenectomy
Radical Cystectomy: Male
Radical Cystectomy: Female
Partial Cystectomy
Robotic Radical Cystectomy
Acknowledgments
Suggested Readings
References
139 Use of Intestinal Segments in Urinary Diversion
Surgical Anatomy
Selecting the Segment of Intestine
Preparing the Bowel for Surgery and Postoperative Recovery
Intestinal Anastomoses
Ureterointestinal Anastomoses
Renal Deterioration
Urinary Diversion
Metabolic and Neurochemical Problems of Urinary Intestinal Diversion
Summary
References
140 Cutaneous Continent Urinary Diversion
General Considerations
Patient Selection
Patient Preparation
Cystectomy
Postoperative Care and Comments
Continent Urinary Diversion
Quality-of-Life Assessments
Variations in Operative Technique
Summary
Suggested Readings
References
141 Orthotopic Urinary Diversion
History of Orthotopic Urinary Diversion
Basic Principles of Continent Orthotopic Urinary Diversion
Patient Selection
Continence Mechanism in Patients Undergoing Orthotopic Diversion
Surgical Techniques for Continence Preservation During Radical Cystectomy
Techniques for Orthotopic Bladder Substitution
Results and Complications of Orthotopic Urinary Diversion
Suggested Readings
References
142 Minimally Invasive Urinary Diversion
Incorporation of Robot-Assisted Approach
Patient Selection
Surgeon Choice
Preoperative Care
Patient Position and Port Placement
Anatomic Considerations in Men
Anatomic Considerations in Women
Ileal Conduit
Intracorporeal Neobladder
Future Directions
Suggested Readings
References
Part XV The Prostate
143 Development, Molecular Biology, and Physiology of the Prostate
Developmental and Cell Biology
Endocrine Control of Prostate Growth
Prostatic Secretions and Proteins
Suggested Readings
References
144 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Etiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Pathophysiology
Epidemiology and Natural History
Complications of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Surgery for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Suggested Readings
References
145 Evaluation and Nonsurgical Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Caused by Benign Prostatic Enlargement
Androgen Manipulation
Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists
β3-Agonist (Mirabegron)
Phytotherapy
Prognosis of Patients Receiving Medical Treatment for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
Acute Urinary Retention
Future Directions in Medical Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
References
146 Minimally Invasive and Endoscopic Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Introduction
Epidemiology and Marketshare
Workup
Defining Outcomes
Presurgical Factors
Specific Technologies
Failed, Failing, and Future Directions
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References
147 Simple Prostatectomy
Indications for Simple Prostatectomy
Preoperative Evaluation
Operating Day Preparation
Surgical Technique
Postoperative Management
Postoperative Management
Complications of Simple Prostatectomy
Summary
Suggested Readings
References
148 Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention of Prostate Cancer
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Etiology and Molecular Genetics
Chemoprevention
Pharmacologic Agents
Vitamins and Micronutrients
Conclusion
References
149 Prostate Cancer Biomarkers
Biomarker Development
Assessment of Biomarker Performance
Blood-Based Biomarkers
Urine-Based Biomarkers
Tissue-Based Biomarkers
Summary
Suggested Readings
References
150 Prostate Biopsy
Ultrasonographic Anatomy of the Prostate
Gray-Scale Transrectal Ultrasonography
Prostate Biopsy: Techniques and Outcomes
Advanced and Investigational Techniques for Prostate Biopsy
Suggested Readings
References
151 Pathology of Prostatic Neoplasia
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Adenocarcinoma
Subtypes of Prostate Adenocarcinoma
Suggested Readings
References
152 Diagnosis and Staging of Prostate Cancer
Diagnosis
Staging
Suggested Readings
References
153 Active Management Strategies for Localized Prostate Cancer
Host Evaluation
Selection of Treatment: Comparative Studies
Patient Counseling: a Stepwise Decision Approach
Conclusion
References
154 Active Surveillance of Prostate Cancer
The Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment Problem
The Natural History of Prostate Cancer
Outcome of Active Surveillance
Other Risk Factors
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Caveats of Tissue-Based Genomics
Psychological Aspects
Lifestyle Management
Pharmacologic Intervention
Summary
GAP 3
Barriers to Active Surveillance
Research Questions
Conclusion
References
155 Open Radical Prostatectomy
Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy: Surgical Anatomy
Surgical Technique
Complications
Summary of Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy
Suggested Readings
References
156 Laparoscopic and Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy and Pelvic Lymphadenectomy
Evolution of Minimally Invasive Laparoscopic Prostatectomy
Patient Selection
Instrumentation
Preoperative Preparation
Surgical Technique
Postoperative Management
Complications of Robotic Prostatectomy
Postoperative Complications
Functional Outcomes
Salvage Robotic-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy
Minimally Invasive Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection
Summary
References
157 Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer
Historical Perspective and Technological Advances
External Beam Radiation Treatment (Also See Outcomes for External Beam Radiation)
Brachytherapy
Androgen Suppression Combined With Radiation
Role of Prophylactic Pelvic Nodal Treatment
Treatment Morbidity and Quality-of-Life Outcomes
Evaluating the Response to Radiation Therapy
Treatment Efficacy
Suggested Readings
References
158 Focal Therapy for Prostate Cancer
Introduction
Concepts and Historical Perspective
Biologic Basis for Prostate Focal Therapy
Clinical Applications of Focal Therapy
Patient Selection
Advanced Imaging Techniques in Prostate Cancer
Promising Imaging Modalities
Ablation Patterns and Current Technologies
Conclusions and Areas for Future Research
References
159 Treatment of Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer
Definition
Trends in Incidence and Treatment
Natural History
Radical Prostatectomy
Radiation Therapy
Focal Ablative Therapy
Androgen Deprivation and Its Timing
Management of Delayed Sequelae
Clinical Trials
Suggested Readings
References
160 Management Strategies for Biochemical Recurrence of Prostate Cancer
Radical Prostatectomy
Radiation Therapy
Summary
References
161 Hormonal Therapy for Prostate Cancer
Historical Overview
Molecular Biology of the Androgen Axis
Mechanisms of Androgen Blockade
Clinical Follow-Up on Hormonal Therapy
Combination Therapy
Timing of Therapy
References
162 Treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Clinical Considerations
Cytotoxic Chemotherapy
Next-Generation Hormonal Therapies
Immunotherapy
Targeted Treatments
Palliative Management
Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References
Index