Epigenetics in Cardiovascular Disease

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
The burden of cardiovascular disease
Central dogma of molecular biology
Epigenetic mechanisms
Epigenetic mechanisms as biomarkers and treatment targets in CVD
The EU-CardioRNA COST Action: networking to advance science
Presentation of the book and chapters
Acknowledgments

Section I: Introductory Information

Chapter 1: The ever-growing burden of cardiovascular disease
Abstract
1.1: Introduction
1.2: Financial load of cardiovascular disease
1.3: Risk factors and health(y) behaviors
1.4: Cardiovascular morbidity
1.5: Disability-adjusted life years due to cardiovascular disease
1.6: Mortality in cardiovascular disease
1.7: Premature cardiovascular mortality

Chapter 2: Epigenetics concepts: An overview
Abstract
2.1: From general concepts to molecular mechanisms
2.2: DNA methylation
2.3: Posttranslational modifications of histones
2.4: Chromatin remodeling and transcription
2.5: Noncoding RNAs
2.6: RNA modifications
2.7: Cardiovascular epigenetics
2.8: Conclusions
Acknowledgments—Sources of funding

Chapter 3: From classical signaling pathways to the nucleus
Abstract
Source of funding
3.1: Introduction
3.2: Ca2 +-dependent changes in gene expression
3.3: cAMP-dependent epigenetic regulation
3.4: Antagonistic roles of Ca2 +and cAMP signaling
3.5: Translational perspective
3.6: Future directions

Section II: Epigenetics Mechanisms In Cardiovascular Disease

Chapter 4: DNA methylation in heart failure
Abstract
4.1: DNA methylation in the heart

Chapter 5: Histone modifications in cardiovascular disease initiation and progression
Abstract
5.1: Introduction
5.2: Histone modifications: The fundamentals
5.3: Histone modifications in cardiomyocyte differentiation, development, and proliferation
5.4: Pharmaceutical targeting of epigenetic modifiers and modifications in CVD
5.5: Histone profiling and personalized medicine
5.6: Conclusion and future perspectives

Chapter 6: RNA modifications in cardiovascular disease—An experimental and computational perspective
Abstract
Acknowledgments
6.1: Introduction
6.2: m6A mRNA methylation
6.3: m6A in cardiovascular disease
6.4: Mechanisms and outlook
6.5: Modification mapping approaches

Chapter 7: Regulatory RNAs in cardiovascular disease
Abstract
7.1: Introduction
7.2: Noncoding RNAs
7.3: Regulatory RNAs in myocardial infarction
7.4: Noncoding RNAs in cardiac remodeling and heart failure
7.5: Regulatory RNAs in arrhythmias
7.6: Translational perspective and conclusions
Funding

Chapter 8: Regulation of splicing in cardiovascular disease
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Funding
Disclosures
8.1: RNA splicing, constitutive splicing, and alternative splicing
8.2: Regulation of RNA splicing
8.3: Splicing factors in the heart
8.4: Regulation of RNA splicing in heart disease
8.5: Alternative splicing: Therapeutic potential
8.6: Conclusions and future perspectives

Chapter 9: Cardiac transcriptomic remodeling in metabolic syndrome
Abstract
9.1: Oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome
9.2: Cardiovascular diseases and cardiac remodeling associated with the metabolic syndrome
9.3: To metabolic syndrome
9.4: Conclusion

Chapter 10: Sex differences in epigenetics mechanisms of cardiovascular disease
Abstract
Acknowledgments
10.1: Influence of sex in the development of cardiovascular diseases
10.2: Epigenetics and sex chromosomes at cardiovascular level
10.3: Epigenetics and sexual hormones at cardiovascular level
10.4: Conclusions and future directions

Chapter 11: Epigenetics in cardiac development and human induced pluripotent stem cells
Abstract
11.1: General introduction
11.2: Embryonic development of the heart
11.3: Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)
11.4: Differentiation of hiPSCs into cardiomyocytes
11.5: Future challenges

Section III: Biomarker Value

Chapter 12: Peripheral blood DNA and RNA biomarkers of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice
Abstract
12.1: Introduction
12.2: DNA mutations vs RNAs and epigenetic markers
12.3: Clinical need for DNA and RNA biomarkers
12.4: Requirements for implementation of good (epi)genomic biomarkers
12.5: Sample types and preanalytical variability
12.6: RNA biomarkers in cardiovascular disease
12.7: Epigenetic biomarkers in cardiovascular disease
12.8: Limitations and future perspectives

Chapter 13: Epigenetics and physical exercise
Abstract
Funding
Conflict of interests
13.1: Introduction
13.2: Cardiovascular adaptations to physical activity
13.3: The noncoding transcriptome and exercise
13.4: Circulating noncoding RNAs and exercise
13.5: Limitations and perspectives
13.6: Conclusions

Chapter 14: Long noncoding RNAs and circular RNAs as heart failure biomarkers
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Disclosures
14.1: Introduction
14.2: Long noncoding RNAs
14.3: Circular RNAs
14.4: LncRNAs and circRNAs in cardiovascular biology
14.5: Translational medicine
14.6: Challenges and next steps
14.7: Conclusions

Chapter 15: Artificial intelligence in clinical decision-making for diagnosis of cardiovascular disease
using epigenetics mechanisms
Abstract
15.1: Introduction
15.2: Machine learning
15.3: Machine learning applications
15.4: Conclusions

Section IV: Therapeutic Potential

Chapter 16: Therapeutic strategies for modulating epigenetic mechanisms in cardiovascular disease
Abstract
16.1: RNA as a therapeutic target
16.2: Targeting epigenetics
16.3: Therapeutic utility of oligonucleotides
16.4: Synthetic oligonucleotide chemistry
16.5: Oligonucleotide drugs in the cardiovascular field
16.6: Challenges that need to be addressed
16.7: Drug safety and off-target effects
16.8: Conclusion

Section V: Methodological Issues

Chapter 17: Single-cell RNA sequencing in cardiovascular science
Abstract
Acknowledgment
17.1: Introduction
17.2: Basic principles
17.3: Current single-cell RNA-sequencing technologies
17.4: Single-cell RNA-sequencing data analysis
17.5: Single-cell RNA-sequencing strategy to evaluate the noncoding transcriptome
17.6: Recent applications of scRNA-seq to characterize the cardiovascular system
17.7: Futures developments

Chapter 18: Good laboratory and experimental practices for microRNA analysis in cardiovascular research
Abstract
18.1: MicroRNAs as potential biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases
18.2: Good laboratory practices when studying circulating miRNAs for cardiovascular diseases
18.3: Good experimental practices when studying circulating miRNAs for cardiovascular diseases
18.4: Conclusions

Chapter 19: Analytical challenges in microRNA biomarker development: Best practices for analyzing microRNAs
in cell-free biofluids
Abstract
19.1: The promises and challenges of cell-free microRNA biomarkers
19.2: Common sources of preanalytical variability during miRNA analysis in cell-free biofluids
19.3: Sources of analytical variability: RT-qPCR and NGS
19.4: Sources of biological variance
19.5: Conclusion

Chapter 20: Concept of biological reference materials for RNA analysis in cardiovascular disease
Abstract
Acknowledgment
20.1: Introduction
20.2: Clinical and biological context
20.3: Production of RMs
20.4: Outlook

Chapter 21: Unbiased bioinformatics analysis of microRNA transcriptomics datasets and network theoretic
target prediction
Abstract
Acknowledgments
21.1: Why do we need unbiased, omics-, and bioinformatics-based approaches in cardiovascular biology?
21.2: microRNAs
21.3: Transcriptomics techniques
21.4: Bioinformatics methodologies for unbiased target prediction
21.5: Conclusions and future perspectives

Conclusions and perspectives: The present and future of epigenetics in cardiovascular disease
Acknowledgments
Index