Pediatric Allergy-4판

5. Primary Antibody Deficiency
Introduction
Congenital Agammaglobulinemia
Hyper–Immunoglobulin M Syndromes
Common Variable Immunodeficiency
Immunoglobulin G Subclass Deficiency and Specific Antibody Deficiency
Selective Immunoglobulin A Deficiency
Conclusions

6. T Cell Immunodeficiencies
Introduction
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
DiGeorge Syndrome
Syndromes With Significant T Cell Deficiency
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome and Other Related Disorders
Conclusions
Helpful Websites

7. Complement Deficiencies
Introduction
Cascade Component Deficiencies
Regulatory Component Deficiencies
Secondary Complement Deficiencies
Laboratory Assessment of Complement
Conclusions

8. Defects of Innate Immunity
Introduction
Severe Congenital Neutropenia
Cyclic Neutropenia/Cyclic Hematopoiesis
Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infections, and Myelokathexis (WHIM) Syndrome
Immune-Mediated Neutropenias
Defects of Granule Formation and Content
Neutrophil-Specific Granule Deficiency
Defects of Oxidative Metabolism
Myeloperoxidase Deficiency
Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Conclusions

9. Congenital Immune Dysregulation Disorders
Introduction
Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy, Candidiasis, Ectodermal Dystrophy
X-Linked Immune Dysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, and Enteropathy
STAT1 Gain-of-Function Disease
Defects in Interleukin 2 Signaling
Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
RAS-Associated Autoimmune Leukoproliferative Disorder
Protein Kinase C Delta Deficiency
Conclusions

10. Immunoglobulin Therapy
Introduction
Preparation of Intravenous Immunoglobulin
Dosage
Administration
Side Effects
Intravenous Immunoglobulin as an Immune-Modulating Agent in Patients With Autoimmune or Inflammatory Disorders
Conclusions

11. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Therapies
Introduction
Severe Combined Immune Deficiency
Transplantation for Other Severe Primary Immune Deficiencies
Gene Therapy


Section C. Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergic Disease

12. Diagnosis of Human Allergic Disease
Introduction
Immediate (Type 1) Hypersensitivity Response
Allergens
Diagnosis of Type 1 Hypersensitivity
Management of Type 1 Hypersensitivity
Conclusions

13. Outdoor Allergens
Introduction
General Principles of Allergen Aerobiology
Representative Pollens
Representative Fungi
Meteorologic Variables
Impact of Climate Change on Aeroallergens
Conclusions

14. Indoor Allergens
Introduction
Allergen Structure and Function
Clinical Significance of Indoor Allergens
Evaluation of Allergen Exposure
Monitoring Allergen Exposure as Part of Asthma Management
Conclusions and Future Directions

15. Environmental Control
Introduction
Dust Mites
Animal Allergens
Cockroach Allergen
Rodent Allergens
Mold Allergens
Indoor Air Pollution
Outdoor Allergens
Early-Life Allergen Exposure
Conclusions
Helpful Websites

16. Immunotherapy for Allergic Disease
Introduction
Principles of Immunotherapy
Mechanisms of Action
Specific Disease Indications
Practical Considerations
Future Directions
Conclusions


Section D. Upper Airway Disease

17. Allergic Rhinitis
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Evaluation and Management
Evaluation and Management
Conclusions

18. Sinusitis
Introduction
Sinus Development in Childhood
Clinical Definitions of Sinusitis
Epidemiology and Health Burden
Etiology
Sinusitis Management
Sinusitis Treatment
Conclusions

19. Chronic Cough
Chronic Cough in Children
Pathophysiology
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Recommendations
Conclusions


Section E. Asthma

20. Immunology of the Asthmatic Response
Introduction
Mechanisms of Allergic Inflammatory Response
Adaptive Immune Responses: T Helper Cell Type 2 Cells and Cytokines
Conclusions

21. Lung Function Testing in Children
Introduction
Spirometry
Plethysmography
Bronchial Provocation
Conclusions

22. Infections and Asthma in Childhood
Introduction
Relationships Between Early Life Infections and Childhood Asthma Inception (Fig. 22.1)
Infections and Acute Exacerbations of Asthma
Mechanisms of Infection-Induced Wheezing Illnesses
Treatment of Infection-Induced Wheezing and Asthma
Use of Antibiotics in Asthma
Conclusions

23. Special Considerations for Infants and Young Children
Introduction
Phenotypes of Wheezing in Young Children
Predicting Who Is Likely to Develop Persistent Asthma
Differential Diagnosis or Possible Confounders
Diagnosis of Asthma in Young Children
Management
Management of Asthma Exacerbations in Young Children
Conclusion
Helpful Websites

24. Inner City Asthma: Strategies to Reduce Mortality and Morbidity
Introduction
Challenges to Asthma Management
Factors Contributing to Morbidity in Inner Cities (Table 24.1)
Interventions
Community-Wide Asthma Coalitions
Conclusions

25. Asthma in Older Children: Special Considerations
Epidemiology and Etiology
Natural History of Asthma
Management of Exercise-Induced Asthma and Bronchoconstriction
Management of Asthma Exacerbations
Conclusions

26. Collaborating With Schools to Support Children With Asthma
Introduction
Impact of Asthma on School Performance
The School Setting: Facilitators and Barriers of Asthma Management
Essential Components of an Asthma-Friendly School
Practical Tips for Providers to Support Asthma Management at School
School-Based Asthma Programs
Conclusions

27. Refractory Childhood Asthma: Assessment and Management
Introduction
Nomenclature
Approach to the Child With Problematic Severe Asthma
Summary and Conclusions

28. Promoting Adherence and Self-Management
Adherence to Asthma Treatment
Impact of Nonadherence
Communication Strategies to Change Patient Behavior
A Four-Step Communication Strategy for Changing Patient Behavior
Conclusions

29. Strategies for the Primary Prevention of Asthma
Introduction
Primary Prevention and the Natural History of Asthma
Asthma and the House Dust Mite
Conclusions


Section F. Food Allergy

30. Mucosal Immunology: An Overview
Introduction
Structure of the Gastrointestinal Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Mechanisms of Antigen Sampling in the Intestinal Mucosa
The Role of Intestinal Dendritic Cells and Macrophages in Oral Tolerance and Immunity
Environmental Factors and the Regulation of the Mucosal Immunity
Conclusions

31. Evaluation of Food Allergy
Introduction
Prevalence
Immunoglobulin E–Mediated Symptoms
Non–Immunoglobulin E Immune-Mediated Reactions to Food
Nonimmunologic Reactions
Psychological Reactions
Evaluation
Food Challenges
Conclusions

32. Approach to Feeding Problems in the Infant and Young Child
Introduction
Feeding and Developmental Readiness
Picky Eating Versus Problematic Feeding and Eating
Food Allergy Impact on Feeding
Why Do Feeding Problems Matter?
Treatment Options

33. Enterocolitis, Proctocolitis, and Enteropathies
Introduction
Epidemiology
Celiac Disease
Differential Diagnosis
Evaluation and Management
Food Protein–Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome
Conclusions

34. Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases
Introduction
Food Allergy or Hypersensitivity
Conclusions

35. Management of Food Allergy
Introduction
Avoidance Diets: General
Nutrition
Common Allergen Elimination Diets of Early Childhood
Conclusions

36. Prevention of Food Allergy
Introduction
The Importance and Timing of Early Intervention
Vitamin D
Modulation of the Maternal and Infant Microbiome
Targeting and Individualizing Prevention Strategies: Considering Phenotypic, Environmental, and Genotypic Risk
Conclusions and Future Directions

37. Immunotherapeutic Approaches to the Treatment of Food Allergy
Introduction
Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy
“Next-Generation” Therapies for Food Allergy
Probiotics
Chinese Herbal Formulas
Conclusions


Section G. Allergic Skin Diseases

38. Evaluation and Management of Atopic Dermatitis
Introduction
Symptoms and Signs
Differential Diagnosis
Hydration and Skin Barrier Protective Measures
Topical Antiinflammatory Therapy
Education of Patients and Caregivers
Wet Wrap Therapy
Multidisciplinary Approach to Atopic Dermatitis
Investigational or Unproven Therapy
Interferon-Gamma
Conclusions
Helpful Websites

39. Urticaria and Angioedema
Introduction
Classification of Urticaria and Angioedema
Acute Urticaria and Angioedema
Chronic Urticaria and Angioedema
Isolated Angioedema
Conclusion
Helpful Websites

40. Contact Dermatitis
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Evaluation and Management
Diagnosis of Contact Dermatitis
Patch Testing
Allergens of Particular Importance in Children
Special Considerations
Treatment and Prevention
Conclusions
Helpful Websites


Section H. Other Allergic Diseases

41. Allergic and Immunologic Eye Disease
Introduction
Eye Anatomy, Histology, and Immune Function
Differential Diagnosis
History
Eye Examination
Allergic Disorders
Immunologic Disorders
Treatment
New Directions and Future Developments45
Conclusions

42. Drug Allergy
Introduction
Epidemiology: Prevalence, Manifestations, and Culprit Drugs
Particular Aspects of Drug Allergy Workup in Children
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
Vaccines
Multiple Drug Hypersensitivity Syndrome
Conclusions

43. Insect Sting Allergy
Introduction
The Insects
Epidemiology and Etiology
Classification of Reactions
Natural History
Diagnosis and Detection of Venom Specific Immunoglobulin E
Therapy
Prevention of Acute Systemic Sting Reaction

44. Anaphylaxis: Assessment and Management
Introduction
Epidemiology
Patients at Increased Risk of Severe Anaphylaxis
Pathologic Mechanisms in Anaphylaxis
Triggers
Diagnosis
Treatment of the Acute Anaphylactic Episode
Long-Term Management of Anaphylaxis
Conclusions

45. Mast Cell Disease and Hypereosinophilic Diseases
Introduction
Mastocytosis
Hypereosinophilic Diseases


Index