Fundus Autofluorescence-2판

Featuring over 250 illustrations, this detailed full-color textbook provides up-to-date information on the use of 
fundus autofluorescence imaging in the evaluation of retinal disease.

The basic science chapters in this volume explain the synthesis and degradation of lipofuscin, the main fluorophore in 
the retina generating the fundus autofluorescence signal; the techniques available to image and quantify fundus 
autofluorescence and their basis; and the anatomo-pathologic correlations of autofluorescence findings. 

The clinical science chapters describe the distribution of autofluorescence across the fundus in the healthy eye and 
in various diseases—age-related maculopathy and macular degeneration, inherited retinal dystrophies, posterior uveitis, 
central serous chorioretinopathy, macular holes and related conditions, and intraocular tumors.

Emphasis is on the value of fundus autofluorescence as a diagnostic and prognostic tool. The authors discuss the 
clinical utility of fundus autofluorescence in the context of other imaging techniques, such as fluorescein and 
indocyanine green angiography and optical coherence tomography. 
Each chapter also points out the value of fundus autofluorescence findings in understanding the pathogenesis of the 
condition, and provides a comprehensive update on all aspects of the condition.



Section I: Basic Science

Chapter 1: Lipofuscin of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium

11.Chapter 1 Introduction
12.Lipofuscin, a Ubiquitous Age Pigment
13.Retinal Pigment Epithelium Lipofuscin
14.Figure 1.1
15.Figure 1.2
16.Lipofuscin Genesis and Composition
17.Spectral Characteristics of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Lipofuscin
18.Aging, Lipofuscin, and the Potential for Chronic Light Damage
19.Figure 1.3
20.Figure 1.4
21.Table 1.1: Summary of the Main Fluorescence Peaks for Lipofuscin Granules from Different Age Groups Observed in 
Figure 1.4.
22.Figure 1.5
23.Is A2E the Toxic Component of Lipofuscin?
24.Association between Lipofuscin and Retinal Degeneration
25.Reducing the Impact of Lipofuscin on Aging and Retinal Degeneration
26.Figure 1.6
27.Lipofuscin뾗he Unanswered Questions
28.Summary
29.References



Chapter 2: Lipofuscin: The Origin of the Autofluorescence Signal

31.Chapter 2 Introduction
32.Spectrofluorometry and Imaging of Fundus Autofluorescence
33.Autofluorescence Emanates from the Retinal Pigment Epithelium
34.Spectral Properties of Fundus Autofluorescence
35.Figure 2.1
36.Figure 2.2
37.Influence of Crystalline Lens Absorption
38.Figure 2.3
39.Age and Fundus Autofluorescence
40.Figure 2.4
41.Retinal Pigment Epithelium Fluorophores
42.Autofluorescence of Bruch뭩 Membrane Deposits
43.Figure 2.5
44.Other Secondary Fluorophores
45.Topographical Distribution
46.Figure 2.6
47.Summary
48.References



Chapter 3: Lipofuscin and Autofluorescence in Experimental Animal Models

50.Chapter 3 Introduction
51.The Value of Experimental Animal Models
52.Imaging Techniques
53.In Vivo Imaging
54.Ex Vivo Imaging
55.Figure 3.1
56.Clinicopathological Correlation of Fundus Autofluorescence in Experimental Animals
57.Fundus Autofluorescence in Normal Mouse
58.Fundus Autofluorescence in Mouse Models of Disease
59.CCR2/CCL2 Knockout Mice
60.CFH Knockout Mice
61.Fundus Autofluorescence in a Mouse Model of Goldmann-Favre Syndrome
62.Fundus Autofluorescence in Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis
63.Fundus Autofluorescence in Experimental Retinal Detachment
64.Figure 3.2
65.Figure 3.3
66.Figure 3.4
67.Figure 3.5
68.Figure 3.6
69.Figure 3.7
70.Figure 3.8
71.Experimental Animal Studies to Dissect the Mechanism of Lipofuscin Formation
72.Testing Antilipofuscin Compounds in Animal Models
73.Summary
74.References



Chapter 4: Imaging Techniques of Fundus Autofluorescence

76.Chapter 4 Introduction
77.Figure 4.1
78.Recording Fundus Fluorescence
79.Fundus Spectrophotometer
80.Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope
81.Modified Fundus Camera
82.Ultra-Wide-Field Imaging
83.Figure 4.2
84.Comparison between Different Imaging Systems
85.Excitation and Emission Spectra
86.Mode of Excitation and Detection
87.Image Acquisition
88.Image Processing
89.Table 4.1: Summary of Technical Differences between the Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope Systems and the 
Modified Fundus Camera for Fundus Autofluorescence Imaging
90.Figure 4.3
91.Figure 4.4
92.References



Chapter 5: Near-Infrared Fundus Autofluorescence

94.Chapter 5 Introduction
95.Imaging Technique
96.Origin of the Near-Infrared Autofluorescence Signal
97.Normal Near-Infrared Autofluorescence
98.Figure 5.1
99.Role of Melanin in the Retinal Pigment Epithelial Layer
100.Mechanisms of Near-Infrared Autofluorescence Alterations
101.Figure 5.2
102.Clinical Findings
103.ABCA4 Gene뻉elated Stargardt Disease and Cone-Rod Dystrophy
104.Retinitis Pigmentosa
105.Other Inherited or Developmental Retinal Disorders
106.Age-Related Macular Degeneration
107.Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
108.Diabetic Macular Edema
109.Posterior Uveitis
110.Other Acquired Chorioretinal Disorders
111.Figure 5.3
112.Figure 5.4
113.Figure 5.5
114.Summary
115.References



Chapter 6: Interpreting Fundus Autofluorescence

117.Chapter 6 Introduction
118.Determinants of Autofluorescence
119.Figure 6.1
120.Figure 6.2
121.Figure 6.3
122.Diffuse Abnormality of Autofluorescence
123.Figure 6.4
124.Figure 6.5
125.Focal Changes in Autofluorescence
126.Figure 6.6
127.Figure 6.7
128.Figure 6.8
129.Figure 6.9
130.Figure 6.10
131.Irregular Autofluorescence
132.Figure 6.11
133.Summary
134.References



Chapter 7a: The Measurement of Fundus Autofluorescence Levels

136.Chapter 7A Introduction
137.Acquisition of Autofluorescence Images
138.Figure 7a.1
139.Figure 7a.2
140.Theory of Quantitative Autofluorescence
141.Image Analysis
142.Adjustment of the Sensitivity
143.Figure 7a.3
144.Autofluorescence in Healthy Subjects: Normative Data
145.Figure 7a.4
146.Clinical Applications
147.Figure 7a.5
148.Figure 7a.6
149.Reproducibility
150.Summary
151.References
152.Chapter 7b: Quantifying Decay of Autofluorescence
153.Chapter 7B Introduction
154.Figure 7b.1
155.Methods for Discrimination of Fluorophores
156.Limiting Conditions for Measuring Fundus Fluorophores
157.Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements
158.Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements in the Frequency Domain
159.Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements in the Time Domain
160.Studies on Isolated Fluorophores
161.Excitation and Emission Spectra of Expected Fundus Fluorophores
162.Fluorescence Lifetime of Expected Fundus Fluorophores
163.Figure 7b.2
164.Figure 7b.3
165.Figure 7b.4
166.Figure 7b.5
167.Table 7b.1: Lifetimes and Amplitudes of Isolated Fluorophores Expected at the Fundus
168.Studies on Ocular Tissues
169.Excitation and Emission Spectra of Ocular Tissues
170.Fluorescence Lifetime of Ocular Tissues
171.Figure 7b.6
172.Figure 7b.7
173.Table 7b.2: Lifetimes and Amplitudes of Ocular Tissue of Porcine Eyes in Biexponential Approximation (Excitation 
446 nm, Emission 500?00 nm)
174.Experimental Setup for Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements in the Human Eye
175.Technical Description
176.Experimental Results
177.Images and Histograms of Parameters of Dynamic Fluorescence in a Healthy Subject
178.Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements in Ocular Diseases
179.Figure 7b.8
180.Figure 7b.9
181.Figure 7b.10
182.Figure 7b.11
183.Summary
184.References


Section Ii: Clinical Science

Chapter 8: The Normal Distribution of Fundus Autofluorescence

187.Chapter 8 Introduction
188.Normal Distribution of Fundus Autofluorescence
189.Figure 8.1
190.Normal Distribution of Foveal Autofluorescence
191.Figure 8.2
192.Mathematical Model for Autofluorescence Images in the 6000-? Central Region
193.Longer Wavelengths
194.Wide-Field Imaging
195.Figure 8.3
196.Summary
197.References



Chapter 9a: Early and Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration

199.Chapter 9A Introduction
200.Pathology of Drusen and Pigmentary Abnormalities
201.Figure 9a.1
202.Figure 9a.2
203.Figure 9a.3
204.Imaging Techniques in Early and Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration
205.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
206.Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
207.Fundus Autofluorescence Imaging
208.Figure 9a.4
209.Figure 9a.5
210.Figure 9a.6
211.Differential Diagnosis
212.Summary
213.References



Chapter 9b.1:Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Choroidal Neovascularization and Retinal 
             Angiomatous Proliferation

215.Chapter 9B.1 Introduction
216.Histopathology and Pathogenesis
217.Clinical Findings and Imaging Studies
218.Slit-Lamp Biomicroscopy
219.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
220.Indocyanine Green Angiography
221.Optical Coherence Tomography
222.Fundus Autofluorescence
223.Figure 9b.1.1
224.Figure 9b.1.2
225.Figure 9b.1.3
226.Figure 9b.1.4
227.Figure 9b.1.5
228.Figure 9b.1.6
229.Summary
230.References
231.Chapter 9b.2: Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy
232.Chapter 9B.2 Introduction
233.Histopathology and Pathogenesis
234.Imaging Techniques
235.Slit-Lamp Biomicroscopy
236.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine Green Angiography
237.Optical Coherence Tomography
238.Fundus Autofluorescence
239.Figure 9b.2.1
240.Figure 9b.2.2
241.Figure 9b.2.3
242.Figure 9b.2.4
243.Figure 9b.2.5
244.Figure 9b.2.6
245.Figure 9b.2.7
246.Figure 9b.2.8
247.Summary
248.References



Chapter 9c: Atrophic Age-Related Macular Degeneration

250.Chapter 9C Introduction
251.Pathophysiology
252.Imaging Techniques
253.Fundus Photography
254.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
255.Indocyanine Green Angiography
256.Optical Coherence Tomography
257.Fundus Autofluorescence
258.Fundus Autofluorescence to Evaluate Therapeutic Interventions
259.Figure 9c.1
260.Figure 9c.2
261.Figure 9c.3
262.Figure 9c.4
263.Differential Diagnosis
264.Summary
265.References



Chapter 9d: Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment and Tear

267.Chapter 9D Introduction
268.Figure 9d.1
269.Figure 9d.2
270.Figure 9d.3
271.Figure 9d.4
272.Figure 9d.5
273.Molecular Basis and Pathology
274.Diagnostic Techniques
275.Fundus Autofluorescence
276.Table 9d.1: Angiographic and Tomographic Features of the Different Types of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachments 
and Tears
277.Figure 9d.6
278.Summary
279.References



Chapter 9e: Reticular Macular Disease

281.Chapter 9E Introduction
282.Clinical and Histopathophysiological Features
283.Imaging Techniques
284.Figure 9e.1
285.Figure 9e.2
286.Figure 9e.3
287.Figure 9e.4
288.Summary
289.References



Chapter 9f: Basal Laminar Drusen

291.Chapter 9F Introduction
292.Pathophysiology
293.Clinical Features
294.Figure 9f.1
295.Figure 9f.2
296.Diagnostic Techniques
297.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine Green Angiography
298.Optical Coherence Tomography
299.Fundus Autofluorescence
300.Electrophysiology
301.Figure 9f.3
302.Differential Diagnosis of Basal Laminar Drusen
303.Summary
304.References



Chapter 10a: Retinitis Pigmentosa

306.Chapter 10A Introduction
307.Molecular Basis and Pathology
308.Findings on Fundus Examination
309.Findings on Electrophysiology
310.Imaging Techniques
311.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
312.Optical Coherence Tomography
313.Adaptive Optics
314.Fundus Autofluorescence
315.The Functional Significance of Autofluorescence Rings
316.Autofluorescence in Sector Retinitis Pigmentosa
317.Autofluorescence in Patients and Carriers with X-Linked Retinitis Pigmentosa
318.Figure 10a.1
319.Figure 10a.2
320.Figure 10a.3
321.Figure 10a.4
322.Figure 10a.5
323.Differential Diagnosis
324.Summary
325.References



Chapter 10b: Cone and Cone-Rod Dystrophies

327.Chapter 10B Introduction
328.Clinical Features
329.Figure 10b.1
330.Diagnostic Tests
331.Electrophysiology
332.Imaging Studies
333.Fundus Autofluorescence
334.Table 10b.1: Genetics, Age of Onset, Fundus Features, Autofluorescence, and Electrophysiological Abnormalities in 
Selected Cone and Cone-Rod Dystrophies
335.Figure 10b.2
336.Figure 10b.3
337.Figure 10b.4
338.Figure 10b.5
339.Figure 10b.6
340.Figure 10b.7
341.Figure 10b.8
342.Figure 10b.9
343.Figure 10b.10
344.Figure 10b.11
345.Figure 10b.12
346.Figure 10b.13
347.Figure 10b.14
348.Figure 10b.15
349.Figure 10b.16
350.Summary
351.References



Chapter 10c: X-Linked Retinoschisis

353.Chapter 10C Introduction
354.Clinical Manifestations
355.Figure 10c.1
356.Figure 10c.2
357.Molecular Basis and Pathology of X-Linked Retinoschisis
358.Imaging and Diagnostic Techniques
359.Figure 10c.3
360.Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
361.Figure 10c.4
362.Autofluorescence Imaging
363.Figure 10c.5
364.Figure 10c.6
365.Figure 10c.7
366.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
367.Electroretinogram
368.Figure 10c.8
369.Gene Identification and Molecular Diagnosis
370.Management
371.Future Treatment
372.Differential Diagnosis
373.Summary
374.References



Chapter 10d: Leber Congenital Amaurosis

376.Chapter 10D Introduction
377.Molecular Basis and Pathology
378.Imaging and Diagnostic Techniques
379.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
380.Optical Coherence Tomography
381.Fundus Autofluorescence
382.Table 10d.1: Summary of Clinical, Electrophysiological, and Funduscopic Findings
383.Figure 10d.1
384.Figure 10d.2
385.Figure 10d.3
386.Summary
387.References



Chapter 10e: Pattern Dystrophy

389.Chapter 10E Introduction
390.Histopathology and Molecular Genetics
391.Clinical Features
392.Adult Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy
393.Butterfly-Shaped Pattern Dystrophy
394.Reticular and Macroreticular Pattern Dystrophy
395.Fundus Pulverulentus
396.Multifocal Pattern Dystrophy Simulating Stargardt Disease-Fundus Flavimaculatus
397.Figure 10e.1
398.Figure 10e.2
399.Figure 10e.3
400.Figure 10e.4
401.Figure 10e.5
402.Figure 10e.6
403.Figure 10e.7
404.Imaging and other Diagnostic Studies in Pattern Dystrophy
405.Fundus Fluorescein and Indocyanine Green Angiography
406.Optical Coherence Tomography
407.Fundus Autofluorescence
408.Electrophysiology
409.Figure 10e.8
410.Figure 10e.9
411.Figure 10e.10
412.Differential Diagnoses
413.Summary
414.References



Chapter 10f: Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy and Autosomal Recessive Bestrophinopathy

416.Chapter 10F Introduction
417.Pathophysiology and Molecular Biology
418.Diagnostic Techniques and Imaging
419.Fundus Photography
420.Fundus Autofluorescence
421.Optical Coherence Tomography
422.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine Green Angiography
423.Electrophysiology
424.Figure 10f.1
425.Figure 10f.2
426.Figure 10f.3
427.Figure 10f.4
428.Figure 10f.5
429.Figure 10f.6
430.Figure 10f.7
431.Figure 10f.8
432.Figure 10f.9
433.Figure 10f.10
434.Summary
435.References



Chapter 10g: Stargardt Disease

437.Chapter 10G Introduction
438.Figure 10g.1
439.Molecular Basis and Pathology
440.Diagnostic Technologies
441.Fundus Fluorescein and Indocyanine Green Angiography
442.Optical Coherence Tomography
443.Electrophysiology
444.Fundus Autofluorescence
445.The Use of Technologies to Assess the Response to Future Therapeutic Modalities
446.Figure 10g.2
447.Figure 10g.3
448.Figure 10g.4
449.Differential Diagnosis of Stargardt Disease
450.Summary
451.References



Chapter 10h: Maternally Inherited Diabetes and Deafness

453.Chapter 10H Introduction
454.Figure 10h.1
455.Figure 10h.2
456.Figure 10h.3
457.Molecular Basis and Pathology
458.Diagnostic and Imaging Techniques
459.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
460.Optical Coherence Tomography
461.Fundus Autofluorescence
462.Electrophysiology
463.Differential Diagnosis
464.Summary
465.References



Chapter 10i: Choroideremia

467.Chapter 10I Introduction
468.Clinical Findings
469.Pathophysiology/Molecular Biology
470.Imaging Techniques
471.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
472.Indocyanine Green Angiography
473.Optical Coherence Tomography
474.Fundus Autofluorescence
475.Figure 10i.1
476.Figure 10i.2
477.Figure 10i.3
478.Figure 10i.4
479.Figure 10i.5
480.Figure 10i.6
481.Figure 10i.7
482.Differential Diagnosis
483.Summary
484.References



Chapter 10j: Gyrate Atrophy of the Choroid and Retina

486.Chapter 10J Introduction
487.Pathophysiology
488.Imaging Techniques
489.Figure 10j.1
490.Figure 10j.2
491.Summary
492.References



Chapter 10k: Central Areolar Choroidal Dystrophy

494.Chapter 10K Introduction
495.Figure 10k.1
496.Figure 10k.2
497.Figure 10k.3
498.Figure 10k.4
499.Molecular Basis and Pathology
500.Diagnostic Techniques
501.Electrophysiology
502.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
503.Fundus Autofluorescence
504.Optical Coherence Tomography
505.Table 10k.1: Central Areolar Choroidal Dystrophy Characteristics in Multimodal Imaging
506.Differential Diagnosis
507.Summary
508.References



Chapter 10L: Occult Macular Dystrophy

510.Chapter 10L Introduction
511.Molecular Basis and Pathology
512.Diagnostic Techniques
513.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine Green Angiography
514.Electrophysiology
515.Optical Coherence Tomography
516.Fundus Autofluorescence
517.Infrared Reflectance
518.Figure 10l.1
519.Figure 10l.2
520.Figure 10l.3
521.Differential Diagnosis
522.Summary
523.References



Chapter 10m: Fundus Albipunctatus

525.Chapter 10M Introduction
526.Figure 10m.1
527.Figure 10m.2
528.Molecular Basis and Pathology
529.Figure 10m.3
530.Diagnostic Techniques
531.Optical Coherence Tomography
532.Adaptic Optics
533.Electrophysiology
534.Fundus Autofluorescence
535.Figure 10m.4
536.Figure 10m.5
537.Differential Diagnosis
538.Summary
539.References



Chapter 10n: >Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome

541.Chapter 10N Introduction
542.Molecular Genetics
543.Clinical Findings
544.Figure 10n.1
545.Diagnostic Technologies
546.Fundus Autofluorescence
547.Autofluorescence Changes in Pre-Schisis Phase
548.Autofluorescence Changes in Schisis Phase
549.Autofluorescence Changes in the Post-Schisis Phase
550.Electrophysiology
551.Figure 10n.2
552.Figure 10n.3
553.Figure 10n.4
554.Summary
555.References



Chapter 11: Fundus Autofluorescence in Diabetic Retinopathy

557.Chapter 11 Introduction
558.Pathophysiology
559.Diagnostic Studies
560.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
561.Optical Coherence Tomography
562.Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy in the Retromode
563.Functional Tests
564.Fundus Autofluorescence
565.Short-Wavelength Autofluorescence in Diabetic Macular Edema
566.Near-Infrared Autofluorescence in Diabetic Macular Edema
567.Autofluorescence in the Evaluation of Treatment in Diabetic Macular Edema
568.Figure 11.1
569.Figure 11.2
570.Figure 11.3
571.Figure 11.4
572.Summary
573.References



Chapter 12: Fundus Autofluorescence in Retinal Artery Occlusion

575.Chapter 12 Introduction
576.Figure 12.1
577.Pathophysiology
578.Clinical Findings
579.Figure 12.2
580.Diagnostic Technologies
581.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
582.Optical Coherence Tomography
583.Fundus Autofluorescence
584.Relative Importance of Fundus Fluorescein Angiography, Optical Coherence Tomography, and Autofluorescence
585.Differential Diagnosis
586.Summary
587.References



Chapter 13: Fundus Autofluorescence in Retinal Vein Occlusion

589.Chapter 13 Introduction
590.Molecular Basis and Pathology
591.Diagnostic Techniques
592.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
593.Optical Coherence Tomography
594.Electrophysiological Testing
595.Fundus Autofluorescence
596.Figure 13.1
597.Figure 13.2
598.Figure 13.3
599.Differential Diagnosis
600.Summary
601.References



Chapter 14: Fundus Autofluorescence in Pathological Myopia

603.Chapter 14 Introduction
604.The Role of Imaging Techniques in the Evaluation of Eyes with Pathological Myopia
605.Lacquer Cracks (Including Simple Bleeding)
606.Myopic Stretch Lines: Differential Diagnosis from Lacquer Cracks
607.Myopic Chorioretinal Atrophy
608.Myopic Traction Maculopathy
609.Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization and Choroidal Neovascularization뻉elated Macular Atrophy
610.Dome-Shaped Macula
611.Posterior Staphyloma
612.Figure 14.1
613.Figure 14.2
614.Figure 14.3
615.Figure 14.4
616.Figure 14.5
617.Summary
618.References



Chapter 15: Fundus Autofluorescence in Macular Telangiectasia Type 2

620.Chapter 15 Introduction
621.Figure 15.1
622.Molecular Basis and Pathology
623.Diagnostic Techniques
624.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
625.Optical Coherence Tomography
626.Confocal Reflectance Imaging
627.Microperimetry
628.Fundus Autofluorescence
629.Figure 15.2
630.Figure 15.3
631.Figure 15.4
632.Figure 15.5
633.Differential Diagnosis of Macular Telangiectasia Type 2
634.Summary
635.References



Chapter 16: Fundus Autofluorescence in Cystoid Macular Edema

637.Chapter 16 Introduction
638.Diagnostic Technologies
639.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
640.Optical Coherence Tomography
641.Autofluorescence Imaging
642.Figure 16.1
643.Figure 16.2
644.Figure 16.3
645.Summary
646.References



Chapter 17a: Fundus Autofluorescence in Posterior Uveitis: Overview

648.Chapter 17A Introduction
649.Figure 17a.1
650.Molecular Cellular Pathology
651.The Source of Fundus Autofluorescence in Posterior Uveitis
652.Deciphering the Signal in Autofluorescence
653.Figure 17a.2
654.Autofluorescence in Uveitic Disease
655.Acute Uveitic Disease
656.Chronic Uveitic Disease
657.Figure 17a.3
658.Figure 17a.4
659.Autofluorescence as a Disease-Monitoring Technique in Uveitis
660.Figure 17a.5
661.Figure 17a.7
662.Figure 17a.8
663.Figure 17a.9
664.Differential Diagnosis: Fundus Autofluorescence in Non-Uveitic Retinal Disease
665.Summary
666.References



Chapter 17b: Multifocal Choroiditis and Panuveitis

668.Chapter 17B Introduction
669.Diagnostic Imaging Techniques
670.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
671.Optical Coherence Tomography
672.Fundus Autofluorescence Imaging
673.Figure 17b.1
674.Figure 17b.2
675.Figure 17b.3
676.Figure 17b.4
677.Figure 17b.5
678.Figure 17b.6
679.Figure 17b.7
680.Summary
681.References



Chapter 17c: Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome

683.Chapter 17C Introduction
684.Diagnostic Technologies
685.Fundus Autofluorescence and Near-Infrared Autofluorescence Imaging
686.Optical Coherence Tomography
687.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine Green Angiography
688.Figure 17c.1
689.Figure 17c.2
690.Figure 17c.3
691.Figure 17c.4
692.Figure 17c.5
693.Future Developments in Diagnostic Imaging
694.Figure 17c.6
695.Summary
696.References



Chapter 17d: Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease

698.Chapter 17D Introduction
699.Figure 17d.1
700.Figure 17d.2
701.Pathophysiology of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease
702.Classification and Clinical Features
703.Acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease
704.Convalescent Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease
705.Chronic-Recurrent Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease
706.Diagnostic Technologies
707.Acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease
708.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
709.Indocyanine Green Angiography
710.Ultrasonography
711.Optical Coherence Tomography
712.Fundus Autofluorescence
713.Convalescent Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease
714.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
715.Indocyanine Green Angiography
716.Ultrasonography
717.Optical Coherence Tomography
718.Fundus Autofluorescence
719.Chronic/Recurrent Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease
720.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
721.Indocyanine Green Angiography
722.Ultrasonography
723.Optical Coherence Tomography
724.Fundus Autofluorescence
725.Figure 17d.3
726.Figure 17d.4
727.Figure 17d.5
728.Figure 17d.6
729.Summary
730.References



Chapter 17e: Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy

732.Chapter 17E Introduction
733.Pathophysiology
734.Clinical Features
735.Figure 17e.1
736.Diagnostic Imaging
737.Optical Coherence Tomography
738.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
739.Indocyanine Green Angiography
740.Fundus Autofluorescence
741.Figure 17e.2
742.Figure 17e.3
743.Figure 17e.4
744.Figure 17e.5
745.Differential Diagnosis
746.Summary
747.References



Chapter 17f: Serpiginous and Serpiginous-Like Choroiditis

749.Chapter 17F Introduction
750.Pathophysiology
751.Clinical Features
752.Imaging and Diagnostic Technologies
753.Fundus Photographs
754.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine Green Angiography
755.Fundus Autofluorescence and Optical Coherence Tomography
756.Figure 17f.1
757.Figure 17f.2
758.Figure 17f.3
759.Figure 17f.4
760.Figure 17f.5
761.Figure 17f.6
762.Summary
763.References



Chapter 17g: Birdshot Chorioretinopathy

765.Chapter 17G Introduction
766.Figure 17g.1
767.Pathophysiology and Pathology
768.Diagnostic and Monitoring Technologies
769.Perimetry
770.Electroretinography
771.Optical Coherence Tomography
772.Autofluorescence
773.Fundus Fluorescein and Indocyanine Green Angiography
774.Figure 17g.2
775.Figure 17g.3
776.Figure 17g.4
777.Figure 17g.5
778.Figure 17g.6
779.Figure 17g.7
780.Summary
781.References



Chapter 17h: Autoimmune Retinopathy

783.Chapter 17H Introduction
784.Molecular Basis and Pathology
785.Diagnostic Techniques
786.Visual Field Testing
787.Serum Antibody Testing
788.Electrophysiology
789.Optical Coherence Tomography
790.Fundus Autofluorescence
791.Figure 17h.1
792.Figure 17h.2
793.Figure 17h.3
794.Figure 17h.4
795.Differential Diagnosis of Autoimmune Retinopathy
796.Summary
797.References



Chapter 17i: Unilateral Acute Idiopathic Maculopathy

799.Chapter 17I Introduction
800.Pathophysiology
801.Diagnostic Technologies
802.Slit-Lamp Biomicroscopy
803.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
804.Optical Coherence Tomography
805.Indocyanine Green Angiography
806.Fundus Autofluorescence
807.Figure 17i.1
808.Figure 17i.2
809.Figure 17i.3
810.Figure 17i.4
811.Figure 17i.5
812.Figure 17i.6
813.Figure 17i.7
814.Figure 17i.8
815.Differential Diagnosis
816.Summary
817.References



Chapter 17j: Infectious Uveitis

819.Chapter 17J Introduction
820.Cytomegalovirus Retinitis
821.Pathophysiology
822.Diagnostic Technologies
823.Figure 17j.1
824.Figure 17j.2
825.Progressive Outer Retinal Necrosis
826.Pathophysiology
827.Diagnostic Technologies
828.Figure 17j.3
829.Syphilitic Uveitis
830.Pathophysiology
831.Diagnostic Technologies
832.Figure 17j.4
833.Toxoplasmic Retinochoroiditis
834.Pathophysiology
835.Diagnostic Technologies
836.Figure 17j.5
837.Tuberculosis
838.Pathophysiology
839.Diagnostic Technologies
840.Figure 17j.6
841.Figure 17j.7
842.Summary
843.References



Chapter 18: Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

845.Chapter 18 Introduction
846.Pathology of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
847.Diagnostic Technologies
848.Slit-Lamp Biomicroscopy
849.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
850.Indocyanine Green Angiography
851.Optical Coherence Tomography
852.Fundus Autofluorescence
853.Figure 18.1
854.Figure 18.2
855.Figure 18.3
856.Relative Importance of Angiography, Optical Coherence Tomography, and Autofluorescence for the Diagnosis of Central 
Serous Chorioretinopathy
857.Figure 18.4
858.Differential Diagnosis
859.Summary
860.References



Chapter 19: Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum

862.Chapter 19 Introduction
863.Figure 19.1
864.Figure 19.2
865.Molecular Basis and Pathology
866.Imaging and Diagnostic Techniques
867.Confocal Reflectance Imaging
868.Optical Coherence Tomography
869.Angiography
870.Fundus Autofluorescence
871.Figure 19.3
872.Figure 19.4
873.Figure 19.5
874.Differential Diagnosis
875.Summary
876.References



Chapter 20a: Full-Thickness Macular Holes

878.Chapter 20A Introduction
879.Histopathology and Pathogenesis
880.Imaging Techniques
881.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
882.Optical Coherence Tomography
883.Fundus Autofluorescence
884.Figure 20a.1
885.Figure 20a.2
886.Figure 20a.3
887.Figure 20a.4
888.Comparison of Available Imaging Techniques
889.Summary
890.References



Chapter 20b: Lamellar Macular Holes and Pseudoholes

892.Chapter 20B Introduction
893.Pathogenesis
894.Fundus Autofluorescence
895.Figure 20b.1
896.Imaging Techniques
897.Slit-Lamp Biomicroscopy
898.Optical Coherence Tomography
899.Fundus Autofluorescence
900.Figure 20b.2
901.Figure 20b.3
902.Figure 20b.4
903.Figure 20b.5
904.Clinical Implications of Autofluorescence Findings
905.Summary
906.References



Chapter 20c: Epiretinal Membrane

908.Chapter 20C Introduction
909.Pathogenesis and Pathology
910.Diagnostic Techniques
911.Optical Coherence Tomography
912.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
913.Electrophysiology
914.Fundus Autofluorescence
915.Figure 20c.1
916.Figure 20c.2
917.Summary
918.References



Chapter 20d: Retinal Detachment

920.Chapter 20D Introduction
921.Diagnostic Technologies
922.Optical Coherence Tomography
923.Fundus Autofluorescence in Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
924.Fundus Autofluorescence in Retinal Detachment Accompanying Macular Translocation Surgery
925.Fundus Autofluorescence to Detect Retinal Slippage
926.Fundus Autofluorescence to Identify Retinal Folds
927.Figure 20d.1
928.Figure 20d.2
929.Figure 20d.3
930.Figure 20d.4
931.Figure 20d.5
932.Figure 20d.6
933.Figure 20d.7
934.Figure 20d.8
935.Figure 20d.9
936.Summary
937.References



Chapter 21a: Choroidal Nevus and Melanoma

939.Chapter 21A Introduction
940.Pathogenesis and Histopathology
941.Figure 21a.1
942.Clinical Characterization and Fundus Autofluorescence Features
943.Choroidal Nevus
944.Choroidal Melanoma
945.Figure 21a.2
946.Figure 21a.3
947.Figure 21a.4
948.Other Ancillary Tests
949.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
950.Indocyanine Green Angiography
951.Optical Coherence Tomography
952.Near-Infrared Autofluorescence
953.Figure 21a.5
954.Figure 21a.6
955.Differential Diagnosis
956.Figure 21a.7
957.Summary
958.References



Chapter 21b: Retinoblastoma

960.Chapter 21B Introduction
961.Molecular Basis and Pathology
962.Figure 21b.1
963.Diagnostic Techniques
964.Ultrasonography
965.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
966.Optical Coherence Tomography
967.Computed Tomography
968.Magnetic Resonance Imaging
969.Fundus Autofluorescence
970.Figure 21b.2
971.Figure 21b.3
972.Figure 21b.4
973.Differential Diagnosis
974.Summary
975.References



Chapter 21c: Choroidal Hemangioma

977.Chapter 21C Introduction
978.Figure 21c.1
979.Molecular Basis and Pathology
980.Diagnostic Techniques
981.Ultrasonography
982.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
983.Indocyanine Green Angiography
984.Optical Coherence Tomography
985.Magnetic Resonance Imaging
986.Fundus Autofluorescence
987.Figure 21c.2
988.Figure 21c.3
989.Differential Diagnosis
990.Summary
991.References



Chapter 21d: Choroidal Osteoma

993.Chapter 21D Introduction
994.Pathophysiology
995.Diagnostic Techniques
996.Ultrasonography and Computerized Tomography
997.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine Green Angiography
998.Optical Coherence Tomography and Computerized Tomography
999.Fundus Autofluorescence
1000.Table 21d.1: Clinical and Ancillary Imaging Correlates of Fundus Autofluorescence Findingsa of Choroidal Osteomas
1001.Figure 21d.1
1002.Figure 21d.2
1003.Figure 21d.3
1004.Differential Diagnosis
1005.Summary
1006.References



Chapter 21e: Congenital Hypertrophy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium

1008.Chapter 21E Introduction
1009.Figure 21e.1
1010.Figure 21e.2
1011.Figure 21e.3
1012.Diagnostic Technologies
1013.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
1014.Optical Coherence Tomography
1015.Fundus Autofluorescence
1016.Summary
1017.References



Chapter 21f: Intraocular Metastases

1019.Chapter 21F Introduction
1020.Figure 21f.1
1021.Diagnostic Technologies
1022.Ultrasonography
1023.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine Green Angiography
1024.Optical Coherence Tomography
1025.Fundus Autofluorescence
1026.Figure 21f.2
1027.Figure 21f.3
1028.Differential Diagnosis
1029.Summary
1030.References



Chapter 21g: Vitreoretinal Lymphoma

1032.Chapter 21G Introduction
1033.Molecular Basis and Pathology
1034.Diagnostic Techniques
1035.Cytology and Histopathology
1036.Fundus Fluorescein and Indocyanine Green Angiography
1037.Optical Coherence Tomography
1038.Fundus Autofluorescence
1039.Differential Diagnosis
1040.Summary
1041.References



Chapter 22a: Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy

1043.Chapter 22A Introduction
1044.Pathophysiology
1045.Diagnostic Technologies
1046.Multifocal Electroretinography
1047.Fundus Autofluorescence
1048.Near-Infrared Autofluorescence
1049.Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
1050.Figure 22a.1
1051.Figure 22a.2
1052.Figure 22a.3
1053.Figure 22a.4
1054.Comparison of Diagnostic Methods
1055.Summary
1056.References



Chapter 22b: Deferoxamine Retinopathy

1058.Chapter 22B Introduction
1059.Pathophysiology
1060.Diagnostic Techniques
1061.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
1062.Fundus Autofluorescence
1063.Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
1064.Electrophysiology
1065.Figure 22b.1
1066.Figure 22b.2
1067.Figure 22b.3
1068.Figure 22b.4
1069.Summary
1070.References

1071.Appendix
1072.Remarks