Campbell-Walsh Urology-11판(4Vols)

5 Core Principles of Perioperative Care
Preoperative Evaluation
Presurgical Testing
Surgical Risk Evaluation
Optimization of Comorbid Illness
Special Populations
Preparation for Surgery
Anesthetic Considerations
Blood Products
Patient Environment
Abdominal Incisions and Wound Closure
Suggested Readings
References

6 Fundamentals of Urinary Tract Drainage
Lower Urinary Tract: Historic Note
Anatomic Considerations
Indications for Lower Urinary Tract Drainage
Catheter Selection
Catheter Design
Technique of Urethral Catheterization
Complications
Lower Urinary Tract: Suprapubic Catheter Drainage
Upper Urinary Tract: Ureteral Stents and Catheters
Upper Urinary Tract: Nephrostomy Tube
Suggested Readings
References

7 Principles of Urologic Endoscopy
History of Endoscopy
Basic Equipment and Video-Endoscopic Systems
Cystourethroscopy
Upper Tract Endoscopy
Conclusions
Suggested Readings
References

8 Percutaneous Approaches to the Upper Urinary Tract Collecting System
History and Introduction
Indications for Percutaneous Access
Anatomic Considerations
Obtaining Percutaneous Access
Postprocedural Nephrostomy Drainage
Training in Percutaneous Access and Procedures
Complications
Suggested Readings
References

9 Evaluation and Management of Hematuria
Classification and Timing of Hematuria
Microscopic Hematuria
Evaluation of Patients with Microhematuria
Symptomatic Microscopic Hematuria
Gross Hematuria
Hemorrhagic Cystitis
Hematuria From Prostatic Origin
Urethral Bleeding
Hematuria Originating From the Upper Urinary Tract
Suggested Readings
References

10 Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Robotic Urologic Surgery
Preoperative Preparation
In the Operating Room
Strategic Placement of Operative Team and Equipment
Performing the Procedure
Physiologic Considerations in the Adult
Complications and Troubleshooting in Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery
Training and Practicing Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Suggested Readings
References

11 Basic Energy Modalities in Urologic Surgery
Tissue Dissection and Cauterization
Intracorporeal Lithotripters
Suggested Readings
References


Part III Infections and Inflammation

12 Infections of the Urinary Tract
Definitions
Incidence and Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Imaging Techniques
Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Common Urologic Procedures
Bladder Infections
Kidney Infections
Bacteremia, Sepsis, and Septic Shock
Bacteriuria in Pregnancy
Bacteriuria in the Elderly
Catheter-Associated Bacteriuria
Management of Urinary Tract Infections in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury
Other Infections
Suggested Readings
References

13 Inflammatory and Pain Conditions of the Male Genitourinary Tract: Prostatitis and Related Pain Conditions,
Orchitis, and Epididymitis
Prostatitis and Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome
Other Inflammatory and Pain Conditions of the Lower Urinary Tract
Suggested Readings
References

14 Bladder Pain Syndrome (Interstitial Cystitis) and Related Disorders
Definition
Historical Perspective
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathology
Diagnosis
Classification
Treatment
Principles of Management
Suggested Readings
References

15 Sexually Transmitted Diseases*
Epidemiology of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Urethritis
Epididymitis
Genital Ulcers
Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and the Urologist
Suggested Readings
References

16 Cutaneous Diseases of the External Genitalia
Introduction to Basic Dermatology
Dermatologic Therapy
Allergic Dermatitis
Papulosquamous Disorders
Vesicobullous Disorders
Noninfectious Ulcers
Infections and Infestations
Neoplastic Conditions
Benign Cutaneous Disorders Specific to the Male Genitalia
Common Miscellaneous Cutaneous Disorders
Suggested Readings
References

17 Tuberculosis and Parasitic Infections of the Genitourinary Tract
Genitourinary Tuberculosis
Parasitic Infections of the Urogenital Tract
Suggested Readings
References


Part IV Molecular and Cellular Biology

18 Basic Principles of Immunology and Immunotherapy in Urologic Oncology
Basic Immunology
Chronic Inflammation and the Endogenous Immune Response to Genitourinary Cancers
Immunotherapy for Genitourinary Cancers
Cancer Vaccines
Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Genitourinary Cancers
Conclusions
Suggested Readings
References

19 Molecular Genetics and Cancer Biology
Tumor Suppressor Genes and Oncogenes
Cell Cycle Deregulation
DNA Methylation
DNA Damage and Repair
Genomic Alterations
Telomeres and Telomerase
Apoptosis
Stem Cells and Cancer
Suggested Readings
References

20 Principles of Tissue Engineering
Regenerative Medicine: Strategies for Tissue and Organ Reconstitution
Sources of Cells for Therapy
Sources of Cell Therapy: Stem Cells
Biomaterials and Vascularization for Genitourinary Regenerative Medicine
Regenerative Medicine of Urologic Structures
Suggested Readings
References


Part V Reproductive and Sexual Function

21 Surgical, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
Testis
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Seminal Vesicles and Ejaculatory Ducts
Prostate
Urethra
Penis
Scrotum
Suggested Readings
References

22 Male Reproductive Physiology
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
Testis
Epididymis
Ductus (Vas) Deferens
Seminal Vesicle and Ejaculatory Ducts
Spermatozoa
Summary
Suggested Readings
References

23 Integrated Men's Health: Androgen Deficiency, Cardiovascular Risk, and Metabolic Syndrome
Androgen Deficiency: an Evidence-Based Approach
Cardiovascular Disease and Testosterone
Metabolic Syndrome and Urologic Diseases
Suggested Readings
References

24 Male Infertility
Epidemiology
History
Physical Examination
Laboratory Evaluation of Male Infertility
Imaging in the Evaluation of Male Infertility
Testis Histopathology
Assisted Reproduction
Diagnoses and Therapies
Suggested Readings
References

25 Surgical Management of Male Infertility
Surgical Anatomy
Testis Biopsy
Vasography
Vasovasostomy
Surgery of the Epididymis
Transurethral Resection of the Ejaculatory Ducts
Electroejaculation
Sperm Retrieval Techniques
Varicocelectomy
Orchiopexy in Adults
Acknowledgment
Suggested Readings
References

26 Physiology of Penile Erection and Pathophysiology of Erectile Dysfunction
Physiology of Penile Erection
Pathophysiology of Erectile Dysfunction
Perspectives
Suggested Readings
References

27 Evaluation and Management of Erectile Dysfunction
Historical Perspective
Public Health Significance
Management Principles
Diagnostic Evaluation
Specialized Evaluation and Testing
Treatment Considerations
Future Directions
Suggested Readings
References

28 Priapism
Defining Priapism
Priapism: Historical Perspectives
Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Priapism
Molecular Basis of Ischemic and Stuttering Priapism
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Priapism
Medical Treatments
Surgical Management of Ischemic Priapism
Interventional Angiography in the Management of Arterial (Nonischemic, High-Flow) Priapism
Surgical Management of Arterial (Nonischemic, High-Flow) Priapism
Summary
Suggested Readings
References

29 Disorders of Male Orgasm and Ejaculation
Anatomy and Physiology of the Ejaculatory Response
Premature Ejaculation
Delayed Ejaculation, Anejaculation, and Anorgasmia
Retrograde Ejaculation
Painful Ejaculation
Postorgasmic Illness Syndrome
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References

30 Surgery for Erectile Dysfunction
Types of Prostheses
Preoperative Patient Evaluation and Preparation
Surgical Preparation and Approach
Postoperative Care
Complications
Special Cases
Patient Satisfaction
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References

31 Diagnosis and Management of Peyronie Disease
General Considerations
Natural History
Epidemiology
Penile Anatomy and Peyronie Disease
Etiology of Peyronie Disease
Symptoms
Evaluation of the Patient
Treatment Protocols
Nonsurgical Treatment of Peyronie Disease
Surgical Management
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References

32 Sexual Function and Dysfunction in the Female
Sexual Wellness
Female Sexual Response
Mental Aspects of Sexual Response in Women
Evaluation of Sexual Wellness in Women
Special Populations
Female Sexual Dysfunction
Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
Female Sexual Arousal Disorder
Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder
Female Orgasmic Disorder
Sexual Pain Disorders
Conclusions
Suggested Readings
References


Part VI Male Genitalia

33 Surgical, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Retroperitoneum
Body Surface Landmarks
Posterior Abdominal Wall
Lumbodorsal Fascia
Retroperitoneal Fasciae and Spaces
Gastrointestinal Viscera
Vasculature
Lymphatic System
Nervous Structures
Suggested Readings
References

34 Neoplasms of the Testis
Germ Cell Tumors
Non–Germ Cell Tumors
Tumors of the Testicular Adnexa
Suggested Readings
References

35 Surgery of Testicular Tumors
Management of Testis Mass
Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection
Auxiliary Procedures
Surgical Decision Making
Histologic Findings at Postchemotherapy Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection and Survival Outcomes
Postchemotherapy Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection in High-Risk Populations
Surgical Outcomes, Functional Considerations, and Complications of Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection
Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection in Unique Situations
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References

36 Laparoscopic and Robotic-Assisted Retroperitoneal Lymphadenectomy for Testicular Tumors
Rationale and Evolution
Staging Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection and Controversy
Duplication of Open Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection
Development of Robotic-Assisted Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection
Surgical Technique
Postoperative Care
Prospective Nerve-Sparing Techniques
Complications
Results and Current Status
Summary
Suggested Readings
References

37 Tumors of the Penis
Premalignant Cutaneous Lesions
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Surgical Management of the Primary Tumor
Treatment of the Inguinal Nodes
Radiation Therapy
Chemotherapy
Nonsquamous Penile Malignant Neoplasms
Suggested Readings
References

38 Tumors of the Urethra
Benign Urethral Tumors
Male Urethral Cancer
Female Urethral Cancer
Suggested Readings
References

39 Inguinal Node Dissection
Anatomic Considerations
Penile Cancer: Surgical Management of Regional Lymph Nodes
Suggested Readings
References

40 Surgery of the Penis and Urethra
Principles of Reconstructive Surgery
Selected Processes
Trauma to the Genitalia
Urethral Stricture Disease
Pelvic Fracture Urethral Injuries
Vesicourethral Distraction Defects
Complex Fistulae of the Posterior Urethra
Curvatures of the Penis
Total Penile Reconstruction
Female-to-Male Transsexualism
Suggested Readings
References

41 Surgery of the Scrotum and Seminal Vesicles
Surgical Anatomy of the Scrotum
Preoperative Preparation
Surgery of the Scrotal Wall
Vasectomy
Spermatocelectomy and Surgery of the Epididymis
Hydrocelectomy
Surgical Treatment of Orchitis and Chronic Scrotal Pain
Surgery of the Seminal Vesicles
Management of Nonpalpable Testicular Lesions
Suggested Readings
References



Volume 2


Part VII Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology

42 Surgical, Radiologic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Kidney and Ureter
Kidneys
Pelvicalyceal System
Ureters
Suggested Readings
References

43 Physiology and Pharmacology of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter
Cellular Anatomy
Development of the Ureter
Electrical Activity
Contractile Activity
Mechanical Properties
Role of the Nervous System in Ureteral Function
Urine Transport
Pathologic Processes Affecting Ureteral Function
Effect of Age on Ureteral Function
Effect of Pregnancy on Ureteral Function
Effect of Drugs on the Ureter
Suggested Readings
References

44 Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology
Renal Physiology
Renal Pathophysiology
Suggested Readings
References

45 Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy
Incidence and Etiology
Pathophysiology of Renovascular Hypertension
Pathophysiology of Ischemic Nephropathy
Screening Tests
Pathology of Renovascular Hypertension
Physiologic Significance
Management of Renovascular Hypertension
Suggested Readings
References

46 Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Management of Renal Failure
Acute Kidney Injury
Acute Tubular Necrosis
Clinical Approach to the Differential Diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury
Management of Acute Kidney Injury
Chronic Kidney Disease
Suggested Readings
References

47 Renal Transplantation
Role of the Urologist in Renal Transplantation
End-Stage Renal Disease
Selection of Kidney Transplant Recipients
Selection of Kidney Transplant Donors
Kidney Transplant Operation
Post-Transplant Care
Autotransplantation
Suggested Readings
References


Part VIII Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction and Trauma

48 Pathophysiology of Urinary Tract Obstruction
Prevalence
Diagnosis and Imaging
HemodyNAMic Changes with Obstruction
Egress of Urine From the Kidney
Effects of Obstruction on Tubular Function
Pathologic Changes of Obstruction
Molecular Mechanisms of Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis
Clinical Impact of Renal Obstruction
Treatment of Renal Obstruction
Suggested Readings
References

49 Management of Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction
Evaluation of Upper Tract Obstruction
Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
Retrocaval Ureter
Ureteral Stricture Disease
Ureteroenteric Anastomotic Stricture
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
Suggested Readings
References

50 Upper Urinary Tract Trauma
Renal Injuries
Ureteral Injuries
Suggested Readings
References


Part IX Urinary Lithiasis and Endourology

51 Urinary Lithiasis: Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology of Renal Calculi
Physicochemistry and Pathogenesis
Mineral Metabolism
Pathophysiology of Upper Urinary Tract Calculi
Suggested Readings
References

52 Evaluation and Medical Management of Urinary Lithiasis
Diagnostic Evaluation of Nephrolithiasis
Use of Stone Analysis to Determine Metabolic Abnormalities
Role of Imaging in Determining Stone Composition
Economics of Metabolic Evaluation
Classification of Nephrolithiasis and Diagnostic Criteria
Conservative Medical Management
Selective Medical Therapy of Nephrolithiasis
Miscellaneous Scenarios
Summary
Suggested Readings
References

53 Strategies for Nonmedical Management of Upper Urinary Tract Calculi
Historical Overview
Renal Calculi
Ureteral Calculi
Suggested Readings
References

54 Surgical Management of Upper Urinary Tract Calculi
Stone Removal: Surgical Techniques and Technology
Urinary Calculi during Pregnancy
Suggested Readings
References

55 Lower Urinary Tract Calculi
Bladder Calculi
Prostatic Calculi
Urethral Calculi
Preputial Calculi
Suggested Readings
References


Part X Neoplasms of the Upper Urinary Tract

56 Benign Renal Tumors
Renal Cysts
Papillary Adenoma of the Kidney
Metanephric Adenoma
Oncocytoma
Angiomyolipoma
Mixed Mesenchymal and Epithelial Tumors
Cystic Nephroma
Mixed Epithelial and Stromal Tumors
Leiomyoma
Other Benign Renal Tumors
Suggested Readings
References

57 Malignant Renal Tumors
Historical Considerations
Classification
Radiographic Evaluation of Renal Masses
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Treatment of Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma
Treatment of Locally Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma
Other Malignant Renal Tumors
Suggested Readings
References

58 Urothelial Tumors of the Upper Urinary Tract and Ureter
Basic and Clinical Biology
Epidemiology
Etiology
Natural History
Histopathology
Diagnosis
Staging and Prognosis
Treatment
Follow-Up
Suggested Readings
References

59 Retroperitoneal Tumors
Epidemiology, Etiology, and Pathogenesis
Classification and Pathology
Staging of Retroperitoneal Sarcomas
Clinical Presentation and Workup
Treatment
Conclusions
Suggested Readings
References

60 Open Surgery of the Kidney
Historical Perspective
Preoperative Evaluation and Preparation
Surgical Approaches
Surgery for Benign Diseases
Surgery for Malignancy
Suggested Readings
References

61 Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery of the Kidney
Overview
Patient Evaluation and Preparation
Surgical Approaches and Obtaining Access
Simple Nephrectomy
Surgery for Renal Cystic Disease
Renal Biopsy for Medical Renal Disease
Nephropexy
Calyceal Diverticulectomy
Nephrolysis
Radical Nephrectomy
Partial Nephrectomy
Laparoscopic Ablative Techniques
Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Surgery of the Kidney
Complications of Laparoscopic Renal Surgery
Penetrance of Minimally Invasive Renal Surgery among Urologists
Summary
Suggested Readings
References

62 Nonsurgical Focal Therapy for Renal Tumors
Cryoablation
Radiofrequency Ablation
Surgical Technique
Treatment Success and Follow-Up Protocol after Tumor Ablation
Oncologic Outcomes
Complications
New Ablation Modalities
Conclusions
Suggested Readings
References

63 Treatment of Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma
Prognostic Factors
Surgical Management of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Immunologic Approaches in the Management of Advanced Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Molecular Basis for Targeted Approaches in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Targeted Molecular Agents in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Systemic Therapy for Non–Clear Cell Variants of Renal Cell Carcinoma
Suggested Readings
References


Part XI The Adrenals

64 Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy of the Adrenals
Anatomic Relationships
Surgical Landmarks
Adrenal Vasculature
Adrenal Nerves
Embryology
Histology
Radiology
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References

65 Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Medical Management of Adrenal Disorders
Historical Background
Adrenal Anatomy and Embryology
Adrenal Physiology
Adrenal Disorders
Evaluation of Adrenal Lesions in Urologic Practice
Conclusions
Suggested Readings
References

66 Surgery of the Adrenal Glands
Evolution of Adrenal Surgery
Surgical Anatomy
Clinical Indications for Adrenalectomy
Indications and Contraindications for Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy
Preoperative and Perioperative Management
Open Adrenalectomy
Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy
Robot-Assisted Adrenalectomy
Hand-Assisted Surgery
Laparoendoscopic Single-Site (LESS) Adrenalectomy
Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES)–Assisted Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy
Partial Adrenalectomy
Outcomes
Complications
Ablative Therapy for Adrenal Tumors
Future of Adrenal Surgery
Suggested Readings
References



Volume 3


Part XII Urine Transport, Storage, and Emptying

67 Surgical, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Female Pelvis
Bony Pelvis
Fascia and Peritoneum
Ligaments
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
Vasculature of the Pelvis
Lymphatic Drainage
Innervation
Perineum
Anal Perineum
External Genitalia
Female Pelvic Organs
Pelvic Organ Support
Urethra
Radiographic Anatomy
Suggested Readings
References

68 Surgical, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Male Pelvis
Bony Pelvis
Anterior Abdominal Wall
Soft Tissues of the Pelvis
Pelvic Circulation
Pelvic Innervation
Pelvic Viscera
Perineum
Suggested Readings
References

69 Physiology and Pharmacology of the Bladder and Urethra
Lower Urinary Tract Anatomy
Bladder Compartments
Overview Of Urethra
Urothelial Physiology
Smooth Muscle Physiology
Bladder Mechanics
Neural Control of the Lower Urinary Tract
Pharmacology
Clinical Relevance
Future Research
Suggested Readings
References

70 Pathophysiology and Classification of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction: Overview
Normal Lower Urinary Tract Function: Overview
Mechanisms Underlying the Two Phases of Function: Overview
Micturition Cycle: Simplification and Overview
Abnormalities of Filling/Storage and Emptying/Voiding: Overview of Pathophysiology
Classification Systems
Suggested Readings
References

71 Evaluation and Management of Women with Urinary Incontinence and Pelvic Prolapse
Definition and Impact of Pelvic Floor Disorders
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References

72 Evaluation and Management of Men with Urinary Incontinence
Types of Urinary Incontinence
Evaluation
Treatment
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References

73 Urodynamic and Video-Urodynamic Evaluation of the Lower Urinary Tract
The Role of Urodynamic Testing in Clinical Practice
Functional Classification of Voiding Dysfunction: Applicability to Urodynamic Testing
Conducting a Urodynamic Study: Patient and Technical Factors
Components of the Urodynamic Study
Urodynamic Equipment
The Urodynamic Study: Analysis and Interpetation
Filling and Storage Phase
Voiding and Emptying Phase
Video-Urodynamics
Ambulatory Urodynamics
Clinical Utility of Ambulatory Urodynamics
Clinical Applications of Urodynamic Studies: Evidence-Based Review
Evaluation of Women with Stress Incontinence
Evaluation of Men and Women with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
Evaluation of Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction
Suggested Readings
References

74 Urinary Incontinence and Pelvic Prolapse: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology
Definition and Classification of Urinary Incontinence
Terminology of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Incontinence
Epidemiology of Urinary Incontinence in Women
Risk Factors for Urinary Incontinence in Women
Epidemiology of Urinary Incontinence in Men
Definitions and Classification of Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Epidemiology of Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Relationship between Urinary Incontinence and Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Consequences of Urinary Incontinence and Prolapse
Physiology of Urinary Continence
Pathophysiology of Urinary Incontinence: General Principles
Pathophysiology of Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women
Pathophysiology of Insensible Incontinence
Pathophysiology of Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Suggested Readings
References

75 Neuromuscular Dysfunction of the Lower Urinary Tract
Objectives
General Patterns of Neuropathic Voiding Dysfunction
Disease at or above the Brainstem
Diseases Primarily Involving the Spinal Cord
Disease Distal to the Spinal Cord
Miscellaneous Neurologic Diseases Causing Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction
Miscellaneous Conditions Definitely, Probably, or Possibly Related to Neuromuscular Dysfunction
Treatment of Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction: Overview
Suggested Readings
References

76 Overactive Bladder
Terminology and Definitions
Pathophysiology and Etiology
Prevalence and Costs
Clinical Assessment
Initial Treatment Outline
Specialized Evaluation and Management Outline
Specialized Treatment Outline
Suggested Readings
References

77 The Underactive Detrusor
Terminology, Definitions, and Symptoms
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Diagnosis
Management
Conclusions
Suggested Readings
References

78 Nocturia
Rationale for Evaluation and Management
Evaluation
Cause and Management
Suggested Readings
References

79 Pharmacologic Management of Lower Urinary Tract Storage and Emptying Failure
Pharmacologic Therapy to Facilitate Bladder Filling and Urine Storage
Pharmacologic Therapy to Facilitate Bladder Emptying
Suggested Readings
References

80 Conservative Management of Urinary Incontinence: Behavioral and Pelvic Floor Therapy and Urethral and Pelvic
Devices
Indications
Assessment before Behavioral Treatments
Patient Education
Pelvic Floor Muscle Training
Behavioral Training with Urge Suppression
Role of Biofeedback
Pelvic Floor Muscle Electrical Stimulation
Bladder Training and Scheduled Voiding Regimens
Behavioral Treatment for Voiding and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
Lifestyle Modifications
Adherence to Conservative Treatment
Role of Conservative Interventions for Prevention of Urinary Incontinence
Mechanical Vaginal and Urethral Devices for Incontinence
Behavioral Treatment Model for Urology Practice
Suggested Readings
References

81 Electrical Stimulation and Neuromodulation in Storage and Emptying Failure
History of Electrical Stimulation
Neurophysiology of Electrical Stimulation for Storage and Emptying Disorders
Electrical Stimulation for Storage Disorders
Electrical Stimulation for Emptying Disorders
Future Research and Conclusions
Suggested Readings
References

82 Retropubic Suspension Surgery for Incontinence in Women
Therapeutic Options
Choice of Surgical Technique
Assessing Outcomes of Therapy
Indications for Retropubic Repair
General Technical Issues
Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz Procedure
Burch Colposuspension
Paravaginal Repair
Vagino-Obturator Shelf Repair
Laparoscopic Retropubic Suspension
Complications of Retropubic Repairs
Comparisons of Incontinence Procedures
Acknowledgment
Suggested Readings
References

83 Vaginal and Abdominal Reconstructive Surgery for Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Surgical Anatomy of the Pelvic Floor
Site-Specific Defects by Compartment (Identification)
Preparing the Patient for Prolapse Surgery
Biologic and Synthetic Materials in Prolapse Surgery
Surgical Management of Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Acknowledgment
References

84 Slings: Autologous, Biologic, Synthetic, and Midurethral
The Evolution of Slings
Preoperative Assessment
Alternative Treatment Options
Pubovaginal Slings
Midurethral Slings
Regulatory and Legal Issues Related to Sling Mesh Complications
Suggested Readings
References

85 Complications Related to the Use of Mesh and Their Repair
Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery
Complications of Mesh in Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery
Evaluation of Mesh Complications
Treatment of Mesh Complications
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References

86 Injection Therapy for Urinary Incontinence
Use of Injectable Agents in Female Stress Urinary Incontinence
Pathophysiology of Postprostatectomy Incontinence and the Use of Injectable Agents for Male Stress Urinary Incontinence
Use of Injectables for Incontinence after Urinary Diversion
Suggested Readings
References

87 Additional Therapies for Storage and Emptying Failure
Additional Therapies for Storage Failure at the Bladder Level
Additional Therapies for Storage Failure at the Bladder Outlet
Additional Therapies for Emptying
Catheterization
Increasing Intravesical Pressure or Facilitating Bladder Contractility
Additional Therapies for Storage and Emptying Failure: Circumventing the Problem
Summary
Suggested Readings
References

88 Aging and Geriatric Urology
Biology and Principles of Aging
Demographics of Aging
Clinical Evaluation of the Geriatric Urology Patient
Major Geriatric Syndromes and Urology
End-of-Life Care and Urology
Summary
Suggested Readings
References

89 Urinary Tract Fistulae
General Considerations
Urogynecologic Fistulae
Uroenteric Fistulae
Urovascular Fistulae
Other Urinary Fistulae
Suggested Readings
References

90 Bladder and Female Urethral Diverticula
Bladder Diverticula
Female Urethral Diverticula
Suggested Readings
References

91 Surgical Procedures for Sphincteric Incontinence in the Male: The Artificial Urinary Sphincter and Perineal Sling
Procedures
Classification, Pathophysiology, and Cause
History and Development of Devices
Mechanisms of Device Action
Evaluation and Diagnosis
Indications for Surgery
Technique of Implantation
Artificial Urinary Sphincter Complications
Sling Complications
Long-Term Results of Artificial Urinary Sphincter and Slings
Summary
Suggested Readings
References


Part XIII Benign and Malignant Bladder Disorders

92 Tumors of the Bladder
Benign Tumors of the Bladder
Urothelial Cancer
Nonurothelial Malignancies
Suggested Readings
References

93 Non–Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (Ta, T1, and CIS)
Pathology: Grading and Staging
Endoscopic Surgical Management
Perioperative Intravesical Therapy to Prevent Tumor Implantation
Immunotherapy
Intravesical Chemotherapy
Refractory High-Grade Disease
Role of “Early” Cystectomy
Surveillance and Prevention
Secondary Prevention Strategies
Suggested Readings
References

94 Management of Metastatic and Invasive Bladder Cancer
Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Evaluation
Radical Cystectomy and Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Bladder Preservation
Prognostic Nomograms for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Management of Metastatic Bladder Cancer
Conclusions
Suggested Readings
References

95 Transurethral and Open Surgery for Bladder Cancer
Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors
Patient Preparation
Surgical Technique
Pelvic Lymphadenectomy
Radical Cystectomy: Male
Radical Cystectomy: Female
Partial Cystectomy
Postoperative Care
Acknowledgments
Suggested Readings
References

96 Robotic and Laparoscopic Bladder Surgery
Bladder Diverticulectomy
Ureteral Reimplantation
Psoas Hitch and Bladder Advancement Flaps
Enterocystoplasty
Vesicovaginal and Ureterovaginal Fistula
Urachal Surgery and Partial Cystectomy
Robotic Radical Cystectomy
Simple/Supratrigonal Cystectomy
Transvesical Foreign Body and Stone Extraction
Suggested Readings
References

97 Use of Intestinal Segments in Urinary Diversion
Surgical Anatomy
Selecting the Segment of Intestine
Bowel Preparation
Intestinal Anastomoses
Ureterointestinal Anastomoses
Renal Deterioration
Urinary Diversion
Metabolic and Neuromechanical Problems of Urinary Intestinal Diversion
Summary
Suggested Readings
References

98 Cutaneous Continent Urinary Diversion
General Considerations
Continent Urinary Diversion
Quality-of-Life Assessments
Variations in Operative Technique
Summary
Suggested Readings
References

99 Orthotopic Urinary Diversion
History of Orthotopic Urinary Diversion
Basic Principles of Continent Orthotopic Urinary Diversion
Patient Selection
Continence Mechanism in Patients Undergoing Orthotopic Diversion
Surgical Techniques for Continence Preservation during Radical Cystectomy
Techniques for Orthotopic Bladder Substitution
Results and Complications of Orthotopic Urinary Diversion
Suggested Readings
References

100 Minimally Invasive Urinary Diversion
Patient Selection
Preoperative Care
Patient Position and Port Placement
Creation of Ileal Conduit
Creation of Modified Studer Neobladder
Postoperative Care
Outcomes
Operative Technique
Learning Curve
Hospital Stay
Complications
Functional Outcomes
Intracorporeal Versus Extracorporeal Diversion
Future Direction
Suggested Readings
References

101 Genital and Lower Urinary Tract Trauma
Injuries of the External Genitalia
Bladder Injuries
Urethral Injuries
Suggested Readings
References


Part XIV The Prostate

102 Development, Molecular Biology, and Physiology of the Prostate
Developmental and Cell Biology
Endocrine Control of Prostate Growth
Regulation of Prostate Growth by Steroids and Protein Growth Factors
Regulation of Prostate Growth at the Molecular Level: Steroid Receptors
Prostatic Secretions and Proteins
Coagulation and Liquefaction of Semen
Prostatic Secretions and Drug Transport
Suggested Readings
References

103 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Etiology, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, and Natural History
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Epidemiology
Natural History of Untreated Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Surgery for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Suggested Readings
References

104 Evaluation and Nonsurgical Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Diagnosis
Assessing the Effectiveness and Safety of Medical Therapy for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
Nonsurgical Therapy for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Medical Therapy for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Therapy with α-Adrenergic Blockers
Androgen Manipulation
Combination Therapy with α-Blocker and 5α-Reductase Inhibitor
Anticholinergic (Antimuscarinic) Receptor Blockers
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
Phytotherapy
Acute Urinary Retention
Future Strategies for Nonsurgical Therapy for Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
Suggested Readings
References

105 Minimally Invasive and Endoscopic Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Epidemiology and Marketshare
Workup
Defining Outcomes
Presurgical Factors
Specific Technologies
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References

106 Simple Prostatectomy: Open and Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Approaches
Indications for Simple Prostatectomy
Preoperative Evaluation
Operating Day Preparation
Surgical Technique
Postoperative Management
Complications
Summary
Suggested Readings
References

107 Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention of Prostate Cancer
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Etiology and Molecular Genetics
Chemoprevention
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References

108 Prostate Cancer Tumor Markers
Biomarker Development
Blood-Based Biomarkers
Urine-Based Biomarkers
Tissue-Based Biomarkers
Summary
Suggested Readings
References

109 Prostate Biopsy: Techniques and Imaging
Ultrasonographic Anatomy of the Prostate
Gray-Scale Transrectal Ultrasonography
Prostate Biopsy: Techniques and Outcomes
Advanced and Investigational Techniques for Prostate Biopsy
Suggested Readings
References

110 Pathology of Prostatic Neoplasia
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Adenocarcinoma
Subtypes of Prostate Adenocarcinoma
Suggested Readings
References

111 Diagnosis and Staging of Prostate Cancer
Diagnosis
Staging
Suggested Readings
References

112 Management of Localized Prostate Cancer
Background
Established Treatments
Other Treatments
Recommendations for Treatment by Patient Risk Group
Acknowledgment
Suggested Readings
References

113 Active Surveillance of Prostate Cancer
Natural History of Prostate Cancer in the Prostate-Specific Antigen Era
Rationale for Noncurative Management of Prostate Cancer
Observational Strategies for Prostate Cancer: Watchful Waiting and Active Surveillance
Patient and Disease Factors Affecting the Choice of and Adherence to Active Surveillance
Comparative Outcomes of Treatment and Observational Strategies
Future Research Needs
Suggested Readings
References

114 Open Radical Prostatectomy
Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy: Surgical Anatomy
Surgical Technique
Postoperative Management
Complications
Surgical Modifications to Classic Anatomic Radical Prostatectomy
Salvage Radical Prostatectomy
Summary of Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy
Radical Perineal Prostatectomy
Suggested Readings
References

115 Laparoscopic and Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy and Pelvic Lymphadenectomy
Evolution of Minimally Invasive Laparoscopic Prostatectomy
Patient Selection
Instrumentation
Preoperative Preparation
Surgical Technique
Postoperative Management
Complications
Robotic Salvage Prostatectomy
Laparoscopic Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection
Summary
Suggested Readings
References

116 Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer
Historical Perspective
Localized Disease
Acknowledgment
Suggested Readings
References

117 Focal Therapy for Prostate Cancer
Overview
Prostate Cancer Biology: Multifocality and the Index Lesion
Identifying the Patient Population for Focal Therapy
Ablative Technology
Overall Data
Follow-up after Focal Therapy
Salvage Therapy after Radiorecurrence
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References

118 Treatment of Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer
Definition
Trends in Incidence and Treatment
Natural History
Radical Prostatectomy
Radiation Therapy
Focal Ablative Therapy
Androgen Deprivation and Its Timing
Management of Delayed Sequelae
Clinical Trials
Suggested Readings
References

119 Management of Biochemical Recurrence after Definitive Therapy for Prostate Cancer
Radical Prostatectomy
Radiation Therapy
Cryotherapy
High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound
Summary
Suggested Readings
References

120 Hormonal Therapy for Prostate Cancer
Historical Overview
Molecular Biology of Androgen Axis
Sources of Androgen
Mechanisms of Androgen Axis Blockade
Response to Androgen Blockade
General Complications of Androgen Ablation
Combination Therapy
Timing of Therapy
Economic Considerations
Suggested Readings
References

121 Treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Clinical Considerations
Cytotoxic Chemotherapy
Novel Androgen Receptor–Directed Approaches
Immunotherapy
Targeted Treatments
Palliative Management
The Neuroendocrine/Anaplastic Phenotype
Conclusions
Suggested Readings
References



Volume 4


Part XV Pediatric Urology Section A Development and Prenatal Urology

122 Embryology of the Genitourinary Tract
Kidney Development
Bladder and Ureter Development
Genital and Reproductive Tract Development
Suggested Readings
References

123 Disorders of Renal Functional Development in Children
Development of Renal Function and the Transition to Neonatal Life
Renal Homeostasis, Fluids, and Electrolytes
Clinical Presentation of Renal Dysfunction
Renal Replacement Therapy
Summary
Suggested Readings
References

124 Perinatal Urology
Fetal Imaging
Fetal Diagnosis
Specific Diagnoses
Antenatal Management of Fetal Uropathies
Postnatal Management of Antenatally Detected Urologic Renal Abnormalities
Neonatal Urologic Emergencies
Summary
Acknowledgment
Suggested Readings
References
Section B Basic Principles

125 Urologic Evaluation of the Child
Chief Complaint and History of Present Illness
Past Medical and Surgical History
Medications and Allergies in Pediatric Patients
Pediatric Urologic Examination
Pediatric Laboratory Evaluation
Pediatric Radiographic Evaluation
Pediatric Urodynamic Evaluation and Biofeedback Training
Office Surgical Procedures
Summary
Suggested Readings
References

126 Pediatric Urogenital Imaging
Safety
Nonionizing Modalities
Ionizing Modalities
Suggested Readings
References

127 Infection and Inflammation of the Pediatric Genitourinary Tract
Evaluation and Management of a Child with a Fever
Classification of Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections
Diagnosis of Pediatric Urinary Tract Infection
Management of Pediatric Urinary Tract Infection
Management of Post-Urinary Tract Infection
Sequelae of Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections
Uncommon Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections
Suggested Readings
References

128 Core Principles of Perioperative Management in Children
Growth and Maturation
Perioperative Fluids
Pediatric Anesthesia and Analgesia
Surgical Preparation and Intraoperative Considerations
Postoperative Care
Suggested Readings
References

129 Principles of Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery in Children
General Applications of Laparoscopy
Advantages of Minimally Invasive Surgery
Disadvantages of Minimally Invasive Surgery
Team Development
Hemostatic Devices
Suturing
Anesthesia
The Different Approaches: Transperitoneal versus Retroperitoneal
Troubleshooting the Robotic Approach
Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Surgery
Potential Complications and Solutions
Outcomes
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References
Section C Upper Urinary Tract Conditions

130 Anomalies of the Upper Urinary Tract
Anomalies of number
Anomalies of Ascent
Anomalies of Form and Fusion
Anomalies of Rotation
Anomalies of Renal Vasculature
Anomalies of the Collecting System
Suggested Readings
References

131 Renal Dysgenesis and Cystic Disease of the Kidney
Overview Of Genetics
Renal Agenesis and Dysplasia
Hypoplasia and Hypodysplasia
Cystic Diseases of the Kidney
Autosomal Recessive (Infantile) Polycystic Kidney Disease
Autosomal Dominant (Adult) Polycystic Kidney Disease
Juvenile Nephronophthisis and Medullary Cystic Disease Complex
Other Inheritable Renal Cystic Diseases (Congenital Nephrosis)
Familial Hypoplastic Glomerulocystic Kidney Disease (Cortical Microcystic Disease)
Multiple Malformation Syndromes with Renal Cysts
Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney
Benign Multilocular Cyst (Cystic Nephroma)
Simple Cysts
Medullary Sponge Kidney
Sporadic Glomerulocystic Kidney Disease
Acquired Renal Cystic Disease
Calyceal Diverticulum (Pyelogenic Cyst)
Parapelvic and Renal Sinus Cysts
Acknowledgment
Suggested Readings
References

132 Congenital Urinary Obstruction: Pathophysiology
Clinical Context
Clinical Presentation of Obstruction
Progressive Renal Dysfunction
Definition of Obstruction
Patterns of Congenital Obstructive Nephropathy
Reversal of Congenital Obstruction
Approach to Clinical Cases
Prognosis and Management Strategies
Suggested Readings
References

133 Surgery of the Ureter in Children
Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
Megaureter
Suggested Readings
References

134 Ectopic Ureter, Ureterocele, and Ureteral Anomalies
Classification and Anatomic Description
Clinical Presentation
Evaluation
Clinical Management
Other Ureteral Anomalies
Suggested Readings
References

135 Surgical Management of Pediatric Stone Disease
Endourologic Management
Evaluation
Conservative Management
Shock Wave Lithotripsy
Ureteroscopic Management of Upper Urinary Tract Calculi
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
Laparoscopic and Robotic-Assisted Pyelolithotomy
Percutaneous Cystolithotripsy for Bladder Stones
Determination of Stone-Free Status
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
Suggested Readings
Rreferences
Section D Lower Urinary Tract Conditions

136 Development and Assessment of Lower Urinary Tract Function in Children
Normal Lower Urinary Tract Function in Infants and Children
Epidemiology and Terminology of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction in Children
Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction
Clinical Assessment of Lower Urinary Tract Conditions in Children
Summary
Suggested Readings
References

137 Vesicoureteral Reflux
Historical Perspective
Demographics
Inheritance and Genetics
Embryology of the Ureterovesical Junction
Functional Anatomy of the Antireflux Mechanism
Cause of Vesicoureteral Reflux
Lower Urinary Tract Infection and Reflux
Grading of Reflux
Diagnosis and Evaluation of Vesicoureteral Reflux
Assessment of the Lower Urinary Tract
Assessment of the Upper Urinary Tract
Cortical Defects
Associated Anomalies and Conditions
Natural History and Management
Surgical Management
Intravesical Procedures
Suprahiatal Tunnels
Infrahiatal Tunnels
Extravesical Procedures
Postoperative Evaluation
Complications of Ureteral Reimplantation
Long-Term Complications
Redo Reimplantation
Endoscopic Treatment of Vesicoureteral Reflux
Nonautologous Materials
Autologous Materials
Laparoscopic Surgical Procedures
Suggested Readings
References

138 Bladder Anomalies in Children
Bladder and Urachal Development
Classification of Bladder Anomalies
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Suggested Readings
References

139 Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex
Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex
Classic Bladder Exstrophy
Surgical Reconstruction of Bladder Exstrophy
Modern Initial Repair of Bladder Exstrophy: Outcomes and Results
Other Modern Exstrophy Repairs: Continence Outcomes
Exstrophy Reconstruction Failures and Complications
Adolescents and Adults with Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex
Continence
Sexuality
Fertility
Quality of Life
Long-Term Adjustment Issues
Epispadias
Cloacal Exstrophy
Surgical Reconstruction of Cloacal Exstrophy
Long-Term Issues in Cloacal Exstrophy
Suggested Readings
References

140 Prune-Belly Syndrome
Genetics
Embryology
Clinical Features
Presentation
Evaluation and Management
Long-Term Outlook
Suggested Readings
References

141 Posterior Urethral Valves and Urethral Anomalies
Description
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology of Posterior Urethral Valves
Diagnosis
Clinical Presentation and Initial Management
Surgical Intervention
Management of Vesicoureteral Reflux
Bladder Dysfunction and Valve Bladder Syndrome
Antenatal Management
Prognostic Indicators for Renal Function
Transplantation in Posterior Urethral Valve Patients
Quality of Life with Posterior Urethral Valves
Other Urethral Anomalies
Suggested Readings
References

142 Neuromuscular Dysfunction of the Lower Urinary Tract in Children
Neural Tube Defects
Principles of Management of Neuromuscular Dysfunction of the Lower Urinary Tract
Management of Vesicoureteral Reflux in Neuropathic Dysfunction of the Lower Urinary Tract
Lipomeningocele and Other Spinal Dysraphisms
Sacral Agenesis
Conditions of the Pelvis
Central Nervous System Insults
Conditions of the Brain (Tumors, Infarcts, Encephalopathies)
Conditions of the Spinal Cord
Suggested Readings
References

143 Functional Disorders of the Lower Urinary Tract in Children
Clinical Significance
Epidemiology
Self-Esteem and Quality-of-Life Issues
Comorbidities
Terminology
Daytime Urinary Incontinence and Bladder Dysfunction
Enuresis
Suggested Readings
References

144 Management of Defecation Disorders
Epidemiology and Classification of Disorders of Defecation
Normal versus Abnormal Bowel Function
Evaluation of Abnormalities of Defecation
Imaging Studies
Management
Prognosis
Surgical Management
Suggested Readings
References

145 Urinary Tract Reconstruction in Children
The “Functional” Urinary Tract
Patient Evaluation
Patient Preparation
Antireflux
Bladder Neck Reconstruction
Augmentation Cystoplasty
Continent Urinary Diversion
Summary
Suggested Readings
References
Section E Genitalia

146 Management of Abnormalities of the External Genitalia in Boys
Normal Male External Genitalia
Penile Anomalies
Scrotal Anomalies
Vascular Lesions of the Genitalia
Hernia and Hydroceles
Acute Scrotum
Varicocele
Epididymal and Vasal Anomalies
Suggested Readings
References

147 Hypospadias
Preoperative Assessment and Management
Intraoperative Assessment and Management
Postoperative Management
Outcomes Assessment
Complications
Hypospadias Reoperations
Adult Outcomes after Prepubertal Repair
Improving Outcomes
Suggested Readings
References

148 Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management of the Undescended Testis
Definitions
Embryology of Testicular Development and Descent
Etiology
Diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
Suggested Readings
References

149 Management of Abnormalities of the Genitalia in Girls
Female Genital Embryology
Evaluation and Classification of Female Genital Anomalies
Congenital Disorders of Female External Genitalia
Acquired Disorders of the Female External Genitalia
Suggested Readings
References

150 Disorders of Sexual Development: Etiology, Evaluation, and Medical Management
Normal Sexual Differentiation
Abnormal Sexual Differentiation
Evaluation and Management of the Newborn with Ambiguous Genitalia
Suggested Readings
References
Section F Reconstruction and Trauma

151 Surgical Management of Disorders of Sex Development and Cloacal and Anorectal Malformations
Classification of Urogenital Sinus and Cloacal Anomalies
Surgical Reconstruction of Disorders of Sex Development and Urogenital Sinus
Surgical Reconstruction for Cloacal Malformations
Summary
Suggested Readings
References

152 Adolescent and Transitional Urology
Definitions
The Process of Transition
Training Requirements
The Adolescent Clinic
Outcome Measures
Suggested Readings
References

153 Urologic Considerations in Pediatric Renal Transplantation
Pretransplant Assessment
Pretransplant Preparation
Transplantation
Complications
Summary
Suggested Readings
References

154 Pediatric Genitourinary Trauma
General Comments on Pediatric Renal Trauma
Radiographic and Endoscopic Assessment and Treatment of Upper Tract Genitourinary Injuries
Management of Renal Trauma
Management of Preexisting Hydronephrosis and Ureteropelvic Junction Disruption
Ureteral Trauma
Traumatic Bladder Injuries
Urethral Injuries
Penile Injuries
Scrotal, Vulvar, and Testicular Trauma
Suggested Readings
References
Section G Oncology

155 Pediatric Urologic Oncology: Renal and Adrenal
Neuroblastoma
Wilms Tumor
Other Renal Tumors
Suggested Readings
References

156 Pediatric Urologic Oncology: Bladder and Testis
Epidemiology and Syndromic Associations
Pathology and Molecular Biology
Presentation, Initial Evaluation, Management, and Staging
Treatment and Outcomes
Late Effects
Other Bladder Tumors
Female Genital Tract
Testicular Tumors
Paratesticular Rhabdomyosarcoma
Suggested Readings
References

Index