Gray's Anatomy for Students 3/e(IE)

Gray's Anatomy for Students,3/e(IE)





Stay current and engaged in your anatomy courses with many new "In the Clinic" boxes, which offer access to in-depth
clinical discussions related to specific diseases or procedures.


Source your review material quickly and easily thanks to a list of additional relevant study aids at the beginning of
each chapter.


Improve your comprehension of cranial nerves with help from a brand-new visual map summarizing cranial nerve
distribution and function.


Access the entire contents online at Student Consult, where you can also take advantage of an online anatomy and
embryology self-study course, medical clinical cases, physical therapy clinical cases, self-assessment questions, and
more.


[Key Features]







Obtain reliable, accessible coverage of everything you will learn in your contemporary anatomy classes with expert
knowledge from a team of authors who share a wealth of diverse teaching and clinical experience.


Easily locate and remember specific structures. More than 1,000 innovative, original illustrations by renowned
illustrators Richard Tibbitts and Paul Richardson capture anatomical features with unrivalled clarity.


Understand the practical applications of anatomical concepts through unique coverage of surface anatomy, correlative
diagnostic images, and clinical case studies.


Expedite the review of basic concepts from each chapter with Conceptual Overviews.



Table of Contents
What is anatomy? 4




How can gross anatomy be studied? 4




Important anatomical terms 4




Imaging 7




Diagnostic imaging techniques 7




Nuclear medicine imaging 10




Image interpretation 11




Plain radiography 12




Computed tomography 12




Magnetic resonance imaging 13




Nuclear medicine imaging 13




Safety in imaging 13




Body systems 14




Skeletal system 14




Cartilage 14




Bone 15




Joints 20




Skin and fascias 26




Skin 26




Fascia 26




Muscular system 27




Cardiovascular system 29




Lymphatic system 31




Lymphatic vessels 31




Lymph nodes 32




Lymphatic trunks and ducts 32




Nervous system 34




Central nervous system 34




Functional subdivisions of the CNS 34




Somatic part of the nervous system 35




Visceral part of the nervous system 41




Other systems 52




Clinical cases 53








2 Back




Conceptual overview 56




General description 56




Functions 57




Support 57




Movement 57




Protection of the nervous system 58




Component parts 58




Bones 58




Muscles 60




Vertebral canal 62




Spinal nerves 63




Relationship to other regions 64




Head 64




Thorax, abdomen, and pelvis 65




Limbs 65




Key features 65




Long vertebral column and short spinal cord 65




Intervertebral foramina and spinal nerves 66




Innervation of the back 66




Regional anatomy 67




Skeletal framework 67




Vertebrae 67




Intervertebral foramina 75




Posterior spaces between vertebral arches 75




Joints 79




Joints between vertebrae in the back 79




Ligaments 82




Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments 82




Ligamenta flava 82




Supraspinous ligament and ligamentum




nuchae 83




Interspinous ligaments 84




Back musculature 86




Superficial group of back muscles 86




Intermediate group of back muscles 92




Deep group of back muscles 93




Suboccipital muscles 99




Spinal cord 101




Vasculature 102




Meninges 104




Arrangement of structures in the vertebral




canal 106




Spinal nerves 107




Surface anatomy 112




Back surface anatomy 112




Absence of lateral curvatures 112




Primary and secondary curvatures in the sagittal




plane 112




Useful nonvertebral skeletal landmarks 112




How to identify specific vertebral spinous




processes 114




Visualizing the inferior ends of the spinal cord and




subarachnoid space 115




Identifying major muscles 116




Clinical cases 118








3 Thorax




Conceptual overview 124




General description 124




Functions 125




Breathing 125




Protection of vital organs 125




Conduit 125




Component parts 125




Thoracic wall 125




Superior thoracic aperture 126




Inferior thoracic aperture 126




Diaphragm 127




Mediastinum 128




Pleural cavities 128




Relationship to other regions 129




Neck 129




Upper limb 130




Abdomen 130




Breast 130




Key features 130




Vertebral level TIV/V 130




Venous shunts from left to right 132




Segmental neurovascular supply of thoracic




wall 132




Sympathetic system 134




Flexible wall and inferior thoracic aperture 134




Innervation of the diaphragm 134




Regional anatomy 137




Pectoral region 137




Breast 137




Muscles of the pectoral region 139




Thoracic wall 141




Skeletal framework 141




Intercostal spaces 147




Diaphragm 156




Venous drainage 158




Innervation 158




Movements of the thoracic wall and diaphragm




during breathing 158




Pleural cavities 159




Pleura 159




Lungs 163




Mediastinum 176




Middle mediastinum 177




Superior mediastinum 204




Posterior mediastinum 215




Anterior mediastinum 223




Surface anatomy 224




Thorax surface anatomy 224




How to count ribs 224




Surface anatomy of the breast in women 225




Visualizing structures at the TIV/V vertebral




level 226




Visualizing structures in the superior




mediastinum 227




Visualizing the margins of the heart 227




Where to listen for heart sounds 228




Visualizing the pleural cavities and lungs, pleural




recesses, and lung lobes and fissures 228




Where to listen for lung sounds 229




Clinical cases 233








44 Abdomen




Conceptual overview 246




General description 246




Functions 247




Houses and protects major viscera 247




Breathing 249




Changes in intra-abdominal pressure 249




Component parts 250




Wall 250




Abdominal cavity 251




Inferior thoracic aperture 253




Diaphragm 253




Pelvic inlet 254




Relationship to other regions 254




Thorax 254




Pelvis 254




Lower limb 255




Key features 256




Arrangement of abdominal viscera in the




adult 256




Skin and muscles of the anterior and lateral




abdominal wall and thoracic intercostal




nerves 259




The groin is a weak area in the anterior abdominal




wall 260




Verterbral Level L1 262




The gastrointestinal system and its derivatives are




supplied by three major arteries 262




Venous shunts from left to right 264




All venous drainage from the gastrointestinal




system passes through the liver 265




Abdominal viscera are supplied by a large




prevertebral plexus 266




Regional anatomy 268




Surface topography 268




Four-quadrant pattern 268




Nine-region pattern 269




Abdominal wall 270




Superficial fascia 270




Anterolateral muscles 272




Extraperitoneal fascia 278




Peritoneum 279




Innervation 279




Arterial supply and venous drainage 280




Lymphatic drainage 282




Groin 282




Inguinal canal 284




Inguinal hernias 288




Abdominal viscera 292




Peritoneum 292




Peritoneal cavity 293




Organs 297




Arterial supply 327




Venous drainage 337




Ly