Acute Care Surgery-1and#54032;

Acute Care Surgery is a comprehensive textbook covering the related fields of trauma,
critical care, and emergency
general surgery. The full spectrum of Acute Care Surgery is expertly addressed, with
each chapter highlighting
cutting-edge advances in the field and underscoring state-of-the-art management
paradigms. In an effort to create the
most definitive reference on Acute Care Surgery, an evidence-based approach is emphasized
for all content included.
Also, notable controversies are discussed in detail often accompanied by data-driven
resolutions.

CONTENTS
PREFACE
CONTRIBUTORS
INTRODUCTION
ACUTE CARE SURGERY: INTRODUCTION
References

SECTION 1: FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES

CHAPTER 1: ACUTE CARE SURGERY: GENERAL PRINCIPLES

ACUTE CARE SURGERY-GENERAL PRINCIPLES
CORE MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
GENERAL PRINCIPLES뾗RAUMA SETTING
PRIMARY SURVEY
SECONDARY SURVEY
TOPOGRAPHY AND CLINICAL ANATOMY
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES
GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC INJURIES
CURRENT DIAGNOSTIC AND IMAGING TECHNIQUES
SPECIFIC ORGAN INJURY
NONOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
BLUNT SPLENIC INJURY뾉ENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
THE LIVER
INTESTINE
LUNG AND CHEST WALL
ACUTE CARE SURGERY뾉ENERAL PRINCIPLES: SUMMARY
References
CHAPTER 2: TRAINING IN ACUTE CARE SURGERY
References
CHAPTER 3: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ACUTE ILLNESS AND INJURY
CARDIOVASCULAR
PULMONARY
RENAL
ENDOCRINE
NEUROLOGIC
HEMATOLOGIC
HEPATIC AND METABOLIC
MEDIATORS OF INJURY
References
CHAPTER 4: SHOCK STATES IN ACUTE CARE SURGERY
PATHOGENESIS AND ORGAN RESPONSE TO SHOCK
CLASSIFICATION OF SHOCK STATES
GENERAL APPROACH TO SHOCK
GENERAL SHOCK TREATMENT PRINCIPLES
END POINTS OF SHOCK RESUSCITATION
FEATURES AND MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC FORMS OF SHOCK
SUMMARY
References
CHAPTER 5: BASIC OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES IN TRAUMA AND ACUTE CARE SURGERY
OPERATIVE APPROACH TO NECK TRAUMA
OPERATIVE APPROACHES TO CHEST TRAUMA
OPERATIVE APPROACH TO ABDOMINAL TRAUMA
DAMAGE CONTROL (ABBREVIATED LAPAROTOMY)
BASIC OPERATIVE APPROACHES IN EXTREMITY INJURIES
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
References
CHAPTER 6: DAMAGE CONTROL MANAGEMENT/OPEN ABDOMEN
HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF DAMAGE CONTROL
DAMAGE CONTROL INDICATIONS
DAMAGE CONTROL SEQUENCE
GROUND ZERO: PREHOSPITAL CARE/INITIAL RESUSCITATION
PART 1: CONTROL OF HEMORRHAGE AND CONTAMINATION (INITIAL LAPAROTOMY)
PART 2: RESUSCITATION IN INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
PART 3: DEFINITIVE INJURY REPAIR (SUBSEQUENT LAPAROTOMY)
PART 4: OPEN ABDOMINAL WOUNDS AND DEFINITIVE ABDOMINAL CLOSURE
COMPLICATIONS AND DAMAGE CONTROL
DAMAGE CONTROL AND ABDOMINAL SEPSIS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
References
CHAPTER 7: AIRWAY MANAGEMENT
HISTORY, DEFINITIONS, AND BASICS
IS AN ARTIFICIAL AIRWAY NECESSARY?
COMMON DEVICES AND TIMING OF PLACEMENT
MASK VENTILATION
ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION
CERVICAL SPINE PRECAUTIONS
ALTERNATIVES TO ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION
AWAKE INTUBATION
INVASIVE APPROACHES TO AIRWAY MANAGEMENT
PEDIATRIC CONSIDERATIONS
PHARMACOLOGY AND RAPID SEQUENCE INDUCTION
SUMMARY
References
CHAPTER 8: PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION OF THE EMERGENCY GENERAL SURGERY PATIENT
PRIMARY SURVEY
SECONDARY SURVEY: SYSTEM BASED CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIAL PATIENT POPULATIONS
THE OPERATING ROOM
CONCLUSION
References
CHAPTER 9: DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING IN ACUTE CARE SURGERY
ULTRASOUND
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
References
CHAPTER 10: HEMATOLOGIC ABNORMALITIES, COAGULOPATHY, AND TRANSFUSION THERAPY
HEMATOLOGIC ABNORMALITIES
COAGULOPATHY
TRANSFUSION THERAPY
BLOOD TRANSFUSION IN TRAUMA
References
CHAPTER 11: NUTRITION IN ACUTE CARE SURGERY
NUTRIENT UTILIZATION DURING NORMAL STATES OF HEALTH
NUTRIENT UTILIZATION DURING ACUTE SURGICAL ILLNESS
THE PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSE TO STARVATION AS A STARTING POINT IN THE DESIGN OF NUTRITION
INTERVENTION T
STARVATION: A PHYSIOLOGIC PROCESS IN THE ACUTELY ILL?
NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTION THERAPY
NUTRITION INTERVENTION TEAM: MORE THAN JUST THE DOCTOR
HOW TO CALCULATE NUTRITIONAL GOALS
MACRO- AND MICRONUTRIENTS GOALS
NUTRITION INTERVENTION THERAPY
SIDE EFFECTS OF NUTRITION INTERVENTION THERAPY
SPECIALIZED NUTRITION INTERVENTION
THE FUTURE
References
CHAPTER 12: SEPSIS
DEFINITION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MICROBIAL FACTORS
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION
COAGULATION
MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE
DIAGNOSIS OF SEPSIS
MANAGEMENT OF SEPSIS AND SEPTIC SHOCK
EARLY PHASE OF MANAGEMENT
FLUID RESUSCITATION
OXYGEN DELIVERY
SOURCE CONTROL AND ANTIBIOTICS
GLUCOSE MANAGEMENT
CORTICOSTEROIDS
RECOMBINANT HUMAN ACTIVATED PROTEIN C
SUPPORTIVE ICU CARE
ABDOMINAL SEPSIS FOR THE ACUTE CARE SURGEONS: KEY CONCEPTS
SOURCE CONTROL
References
CHAPTER 13: ANTIBIOTIC USE AND MISUSE
INFECTION CONTROL
PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS
PRINCIPLES OF ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY
MANAGING MICROBIAL ECOLOGY (INCLUDING OUTBREAKS)
SPECTRA OF ANTIBIOTIC ACTIVITY
CELL WALL뺸CTIVE AGENTS: LIPOGLYCOPEPTIDES
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS
DRUGS THAT DISRUPT NUCLEIC ACIDS
CYTOTOXIC ANTIBIOTICS
ANTIBIOTIC TOXICITIES
AVOIDING TOXICITY: ADJUSTMENT OF ANTIBIOTIC DOSAGE
PROPHYLAXIS AND THERAPY OF FUNGAL INFECTIONS
PROPHYLAXIS OF FUNGAL INFECTION
PRINCIPLES OF ANTIFUNGAL THERAPY
References
CHAPTER 14: PAIN MANAGEMENT
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND SCOPE
PHYSIOLOGY OF PAIN
THERAPY
OTHER TREATMENT
References
CHAPTER 15: ACUTE CARE SURGERY IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS
ACUTE CARE SURGERY IN THE ELDERLY
ACUTE CARE SURGERY AND PREGNANCY
PEDIATRIC SURGERY FOR THE ACUTE CARE SURGEON
References
CHAPTER 16: PREHOSPITAL TRAUMA CARE
RURAL TRAUMA ORGANIZATION SYSTEM
CONTINUUM OF PATIENT CARE
HISTORY
PREHOSPTIAL TIME
PREHOSPITAL EDUCATION AND SURGICAL CONTROL OF PREHOSPITAL CARE
PREHOSPITAL CARE SYSTEM
EMS SYSTEM AND PERSONNEL
EMT-B
EMT-I
EMT-P
EMT-PARAMEDICS WITH A PHYSICIAN
COMMUNICATIONS
PROTOCOLS VERSUS STANDING ORDERS
MEDICAL CONTROL
ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT IN THE FIELD
SHOCK AND FLUID RESUSCITATION
KINEMATICS (MECHANISM OF INJURY)
BLUNT TRAUMA
SUMMARY
References
CHAPTER 17: DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND MASS CASUALTY MANAGEMENT
DEFINITIONS
PHASES OF THE DISASTER
PLANNING
INCIDENT COMMAND
DEFINITIVE MEDICAL CARE
TRIAGE
THE HOSPITAL RESPONSE
SPECIFIC INJURY PATTERNS
RECOVERY
SURGICAL VOLUNTEERISM
SUMMARY
References
CHAPTER 18: INJURY PREVENTION
SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM
FOUNDATIONS OF INJURY PREVENTION
CLASSIFICATION OF INJURY PREVENTION
TYPES OF PREVENTION EFFORTS
EVALUATION OF INJURY PREVENTION STRATEGIES
THE PREVENTION OF UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES
SAFETY BELTS, AIRBAGS, AND CHILD CAR SEAT RESTRAINTS
TRAFFIC REGULATIONS
ALCOHOL
HELMETS
INJURY PREVENTION IN THE ELDERLY
PREVENTION OF INTENTIONAL INJURY
HOMICIDE AND SUICIDE
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
SUMMARY
References
CHAPTER 19: RECOVERY AND REHABILITATION
ADMISSION OF THE PATIENT TO THE HOSPITAL
MULTIDISCIPLINARY INPATIENT CONFERENCE FOR THE ACUTE CARE SURGERY PATIENT
MULTIDISCIPLINARY REHABILITATION OF THE TRAUMA PATIENT
RECOVERY AND REHABILITATION ENVIRONMENTS
SUMMARY
References
SECTION 2: TRAUMA
CHAPTER 20: THE EVOLUTION OF TRAUMA CARE IN THE UNITED STATES
PAST
PRESENT
FUTURE
References
CHAPTER 21: INITIAL EVALUATION OF THE TRAUMA PATIENT
TRIAGE
PREPARATION FOR PATIENT ARRIVAL
PRIMARY SURVEY
AIRWAY
BREATHING
CIRCULATION
DISABILITY
EXPOSURE
COMPLETION OF THE PRIMARY SURVEY
SECONDARY SURVEY
COMPLETION OF THE SECONDARY SURVEY
References
CHAPTER 22: TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
INITIAL DECISIONS뾇MERGENCY DEPARTMENT MANAGEMENT
DETERMINING THE NEED FOR EMERGENCY SURGERY
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
INTENSIVE CARE UNIT MANAGEMENT
OUTCOME
BRAIN DEATH AND ORGAN DONATION
References
CHAPTER 23: MAXILLOFACIAL INJURIES
INITIAL ASSESSMENT
DEFICIT AND ENVIRONMENT
SECONDARY SURVEY
References
CHAPTER 24: SPINAL COLUMN AND SPINAL CORD INJURY
BONY AND LIGAMENTOUS ANATOMY OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SPINAL CORD
ACUTE VERTEBRAL COLUMN INJURIES
BONY AND LIGAMENTOUS INJURIES TO THE CERVICAL SPINE
ACUTE SPINAL CORD INJURY
PENETRATING SPINE TRAUMA
COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING SPINAL CORD INJURY
References
CHAPTER 25: OPHTHALMIC INJURY
HISTORY
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
IMAGING IN OCULAR TRAUMA
CORNEAL ABRASION
CORNEAL FOREIGN BODY
CHEMICAL INJURIES
CONJUNCTIVAL LACERATIONS
LID LACERATIONS
TRAUMATIC HYPHEMA
LENS SUBLUXATION/ DISLOCATION
TRAUMATIC IRIDOCYCLITIS
ORBITAL WALL FRACTURES
PERFORATING INJURIES OF THE CORNEA OR SCLERA/OPEN GLOBE
INTRAOCULAR FOREIGN BODY
RETINAL INJURY AND VITREOUS HEMORRAGE
TRAUMATIC RETROBULBAR HEMORRHAGE
TRAUMATIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY
References
CHAPTER 26: BLUNT AND PENETRATING NECK INJURY
PENETRATING INJURIES
INVESTIGATIONS
BLUNT INJURIES
INVESTIGATIONS
SPECIFIC NECK INJURIES
LARYNGOTRACHEAL INJURIES
MANAGEMENT
PHARYNGOESOPHAGEAL INJURIES
References
CHAPTER 27: CHEST INJURY
INITIAL ASSESSMENT
SECONDARY SURVEY AND RADIOLOGIC ADJUNCTS
INDICATIONS FOR OPERATION
URGENT THORACOTOMY
INCISION CHOICE
THORACIC DAMAGE CONTROL
INDICATIONS FOR DELAYED THORACOTOMY
MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC INJURIES
CONCLUSION
References
CHAPTER 28: ABDOMINAL TRAUMA
INITIAL ASSESSMENT
BLUNT TRAUMA
PENETRATING TRAUMA
GUNSHOT WOUNDS
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
STAB WOUNDS
THE EXPLORATORY LAPAROTOMY
CONDUCT OF THE TRAUMA LAPAROTOMY
SPECIFIC ORGAN INJURY
PANCREATIC INJURY
References
CHAPTER 29: GENITOURINARY TRAUMA
RENAL TRAUMA
URETERAL TRAUMA
BLADDER TRAUMA
URETHRAL TRAUMA
EXTERNAL GENITALIA TRAUMA
References
CHAPTER 30: ACUTE CARE SURGERY: SKELETAL AND SOFT-TISSUE INJURY
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
MANAGEMENT OF INJURIES
PELVIC FRACTURES
KNEE DISLOCATIONS
THE MANGLED LOWER EXTREMITY
References
CHAPTER 31: EXTREMITY VASCULAR INJURIES
HISTORY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
TYPES OF INJURIES/PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT IN THE EMERGENCY CENTER
NONOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT/STENTS/EMBOLIZATION
OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
POSTOPERATIVE CARE
COMPLICATIONS
References
CHAPTER 32: BURNS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
RESUCITATION
VENTILATORY SUPPORT AND TREATMENT OF INHALATION INJURY
OTHER ORGAN SYSTEM SUPPORT
WOUND CARE
TREATMENT OF SPECIAL THERMAL INJURIES
NON THERMAL CUTANEOUS INJURIES
METABOLIC AND NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT
TRANSPORTATION AND TRANSFER
SURVIVAL DATA
References
SECTION 3: EMERGENCY (NON-TRAUMA) SURGERY: EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 33: EVALUATION OF THE ACUTE ABDOMEN
HISTORY
PHYSICAL EXAM
LABORATORY DATA
IMAGING
DIAGNOSTIC ADJUNCTS
COMMON CAUSES OF THE ACUTE ABDOMEN
UNIQUE POPULATIONS
CONCLUSION
References
CHAPTER 34: ACUTE GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS, DEFINITIONS, AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
INITIAL RESUSCITATION AND OVERALL DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
NONSURGICAL DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES AND INTERVENTIONS
SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND PROCEDURES IN PATIENTS WITH GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE
References
CHAPTER 35: INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
INFLAMMATORY EMERGENCIES OF THE ESOPHAGUS
INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE
INFLAMMATORY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE COLON
INFLAMMATORY AND INFECTIOUS EMERGENCIES OF THE COLON
MISCELLANEOUS CAUSES OF COLONIC INFLAMMATION
SUMMARY
References
CHAPTER 36: INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION AND DYSMOTILITY SYNDROMES
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION AND INITIAL MANAGEMENT
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES
ADJUNCTIVE TESTS
DETERMINATION OF THE NEED FOR SURGERY
MECHANICAL OBSTRUCTION
ADHESIVE SMALL-BOWEL OBSTRUCTION
SURGICAL ADHESIOLYSIS
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION IN THE EARLY POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD
BOWEL OBSTRUCTION IN PATIENTS WITHOUT PRIOR ABDOMINAL SURGERY
STRANGULATION AND CLOSED-LOOP OBSTRUCTION
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION DUE TO HERNIA
VOLVULUS
INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
PARTIAL COLONIC OBSTRUCTION
MALIGNANT BOWEL OBSTRUCTION
INTESTINAL DYSMOTILITY DISORDERS
References
CHAPTER 37: APPENDICITIS
EMBRYOLOGY
ANATOMY
HISTORY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY DATA
RADIOLOGY
SPECIAL SITUATIONS
OPERATIVE PROCEDURE
THE ROLE OF THE ACUTE CARE SURGEON IN THE MANAGEMENT OF APPENDICITIS
SUMMARY
References
CHAPTER 38: ACUTE PANCREATITIS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS OF AP: BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS AND IMAGING
IMAGING
CLASSIFICATION AND PROGNOSIS OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS
MANAGEMENT
References
CHAPTER 39: CHOLECYSTITIS, CHOLANGITIS, AND JAUNDICE
ANATOMY
PHYSIOLOGY
IMAGING OF THE BILIARY TREE
DISORDERS OF THE GALLBLADDER
DISORDERS OF THE COMMON BILE DUCT
LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY
CONCLUSION
References
CHAPTER 40: GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT FOREIGN BODIES
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
FOREIGN BODY INGESTION
FOREIGN BODY INSERTION (PER RECTUM)
SUMMARY
References
CHAPTER 41: ANORECTAL ABSCESS AND INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES
ANORECTAL ABSCESS
FOURNIER뭆 GANGRENE
ANAL FISSURE
HEMORRHOIDS
PILONDIAL CYST/ABSCESS
References
CHAPTER 42: ABDOMINAL WALL HERNIAS: EMERGENCIES AND RECONSTRUCTION
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIVE ABDOMINAL WALL RECONSTRUCTION
METHODS OF RECONSTRUCTION
References
CHAPTER 43: SURGICAL INFECTIONS OF SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE
UNCOMPLICATED SSTI
MRSA IN SSTI
COMPLICATED SSTI
SURGICAL SITE INFECTION
NECROTIZING SOFT TISSUE INFECTION
References
CHAPTER 44: OBSTETRIC AND GYNECOLOGIC EMERGENCIES
ACUTE SURGICAL CARE CONSIDERATIONS IN THE PREGNANT PATIENT
MATERNAL PHYSIOLOGY
ANESTHESIA
FETUS
SURGICAL AND OBSTETRIC EMERGENCIES
PREOPERATIVE WORKUP
POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
GYNECOLOGIC EMERGENCIES
PREGNANCY-RELATED EMERGENCIES
NON뻇REGNANCY-RELATED CONDITIONS
MANAGEMENT
References
CHAPTER 45: NONTRAUMATIC VASCULAR EMERGENCIES
ARTERIAL EMERGENCIES AND ARTERIAL RUPTURE
ACUTE AORTIC DISSECTION
VENOUS EMERGENCIES
References
SECTION 4: SURGICAL CRITICAL CARE
CHAPTER 46: INTENSIVE CARE UNIT: THE ESSENTIALS뾋NCLUDING ASSESSMENT OF SEVERITY OF
CRITICAL ILLNE
THE CRITICAL CARE TEAM AND SYSTEM OF CARE
TIMELY, TARGETED, AND APPROPRIATE APPLICATION OF THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS
ASSESSMENT AND RECOGNITION OF RISK: ASSESSMENT OF PATIENTS WITH PERITONITIS
ASSESSMENT AND RECOGNITION OF RISK: MODELING SEVERITY OF ILLNESS IN THE ICU
PREVENTION OF COMPLICATIONS AND MINIMIZATION OF THE PROPAGATION OF ORGAN INJURY
References
CHAPTER 47: ACUTE RESPIRATORY DYSFUNCTION
PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION
SPECIAL POPULATIONS
COMMON CAUSES OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY DYSFUNCTION
THORACOSTOMY TUBE PLACEMENT
SUMMARY
References
CHAPTER 48: MULTIPLE ORGAN DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
ORGAN SYSTEM MANIFESTATIONS
MANAGEMENT
OUTCOMES OF MULTIPLE ORGAN DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME
THE FUTURE?
References
CHAPTER 49: MECHANICAL VENTILATOR SUPPORT
NONINVASIVE VENTILATION
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
ACUTE LUNG INJURY
PHARMACOLOGIC APPROACH TO MECHANICAL VENTILATION
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKADE
ADDITIONAL THERAPY TO IMPROVE OXYGENATION
EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION
SURFACTANT THERAPY AND LIQUID VENTILATION
INHALATIONAL THERAPY
VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA
INITIATING MECHANICAL VENTILATION
WEANING FROM MECHANICAL VENTILATION
References
CHAPTER 50: CARDIOVASCULAR FAILURE AND CIRCULATORY SUPPORT뾏ONITORING AND ESSENTIAL
ADJUNCTS
CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY
SUPPORT FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DYSFUNCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR FAILURE
References
CHAPTER 51: ACUTE LIVER FAILURE AND PORTAL HYPERTENSION
ACUTE LIVER FAILURE
PORTAL HYPERTENSION
References
CHAPTER 52: ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
OVERVIEW OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
SPECIAL POPULATIONS
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
PROGNOSIS OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
References
CHAPTER 53: HYPOTHERMIA: TREATMENT AND THERAPEUTIC USES
DEFINITIONS AND MEASUREMENT
PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS
PHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
REWARMING
THERAPEUTIC USES OF HYPOTHERMIA
References
CHAPTER 54: NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
PNEUMONIA
CATHETER-RELATED (-ASSOCIATED) BLOOD STREAM INFECTION
URINARY TRACT INFECTION
INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTION
NOSOCOMIAL DIARRHEA
References
CHAPTER 55: THROMBOEMBOLIC DISEASE
VTE PROPHYLAXIS
SCREENING PHILOSOPHY AND QUALITY
SUMMARY
References
CHAPTER 56: THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
PROFOUND IMMUNOCOMPROMISE VERSUS RELATIVE IMMUNOCOMPROMISE
ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION
AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS
NEUTROPENIA
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS/ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME
HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION
AGING AND MALNUTRITION
BURNS/CRITICAL ILLNESS
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
DIABETES
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
SURGICAL DISEASE PROCESSES RELATED TO THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED STATE
References
CHAPTER 57: SUPPORT OF THE ORGAN DONOR
ROLES OF THE ACUTE CARE SURGEON IN CARING FOR POTENTIAL ORGAN DONORS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF BRAIN DEATH
OPTIMIZATION OF THE POTENTIAL ORGAN DONOR
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ORGAN DONOR MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ORGAN PRESERVATION
NECESSARY INTERVENTIONS IN THE POTENTIAL ORGAN DONOR
MEDICOLEGAL AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
NEW TRENDS IN ORGAN RECOVERY
FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES
CONCLUSIONS
References
CHAPTER 58: PALLIATIVE CARE
HISTORY
PRINCIPLES
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
IDENTIFYING POTENTIAL BIAS AND CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
PROVIDING PALLIATIVE CARE IN PRACTICE
SELECTED LEGAL ASPECTS OF PALLIATIVE CARE
SUMMARY
References
SECTION 5: SPECIAL TOPICS
CHAPTER 59: EMTALA AND OTHER PRINCIPLES AFFECTING THE ACUTE CARE SURGEON
DEFINITIONS WITH EMTALA RAMIFICATIONS
OBLIGATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS UNDER EMTALA
A 밆UTY?TO EVALUATE AND 밆UTY?TO TREAT
Suggested Readings
CHAPTER 60: INFORMED SURGICAL CONSENT
INFORMED CONSENT IN ELECTIVE SURGICAL PRACTICE
INFORMED CONSENT IN ACUTE SURGICAL PRACTICE
CONCLUSION
References
CHAPTER 61: ADVANCE MEDICAL DIRECTIVES
TERMINOLOGY
THE EVOLUTION OF ADVANCEC ARE PLANNING
SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES
SUMMARY
References
CHAPTER 62: ACUTE CARE SURGERY, ETHICS, AND THE LAW
ETHICS AND THE LAW
THE SURGEON AND MEDICAL ETHICS
SURGICAL CURRICULUM IN ETHICS
THE UNPLANNED ENCOUNTER
ADVANCE DIRECTIVES
THE UNEXPECTED FINDING
THE DILEMMA OF PAIN MANAGEMENT
THE MEDICAL-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX
THE TRAINING YEARS
CONFIDENTIALITY
PALLIATIVE CARE
ETHICS CURRICULUM
MEDICAL PROCEDURES ON THE NEWLY DEAD
References
CHAPTER 63: SCORING SYSTEMS FOR INJURY AND EMERGENCY GENERAL SURGERY
SCORING SYSTEMS FOR INJURY
SCORING SYSTEMS FOR EMERGENCY GENERAL SURGERY
SUMMARY
References
CHAPTER 64: PROCEDURES
OPEN TRACHEOSTOMY
BEDSIDE TRACHEOSTOMY
CRICOTHYROIDOTOMY
DIAGNOSTIC PERITONEAL LAVAGE
TUBE THORACOSTOMY
PERCUTANEOUS GASTROSTOMY TUBE
FASCIOTOMY
INFERIOR VENA CAVA FILTER
INDEX