The Textbook of Spinal Surgery 2vols-3판

Hardcover - 2112 pages 3/e (2vol)



Recognized as one of the leading references on the spine, this comprehensive two-volume text brings together experts
from around the world to discuss the full scope of spinal surgery. This edition has many new contributors, including
both neurosurgeons and orthopaedic surgeons, and presents a broad survey of all aspects of spinal surgery, including
degenerative disorders, deformities, tumors, fractures, infections, and more.



Chapters describe current surgical techniques in detail and discuss indications, preoperative and postoperative care,
and possible complications. More than 3,500 illustrations complement the text, and bulleted points, tables, and
algorithms are used extensively throughout.

A companion Website with the fully searchable text and procedural video is included with the two-volume text.



Table of Contents



Foreword
vii


Contributing Authors
ix


Preface
xxiii


Acknowledgments
xxv


Volume I


Section I
General Considerations Section Editor: John M. Rhee


1
The Evolution of Spine Surgery Since the Second Edition of the Textbook of Spinal Surgery Ronald L. Dewald
1

2
Spinal Cord and Nerve Root Monitoring Anne M. Padberg, Barry L. Raynor, Earl D. Thuet, and Shelly M. Bolon
6

3
Bone Grafting and Spine Fusion John Louis-Ugbo and Scott D. Boden
41

4
Medical Complications in the Adult Spinal Patient Alexis B.C. Dang and Serena S. Hu
49

5
Trunk Range of Motion and Gait Considerations in Patients with Spinal Deformity Jack R. Engsberg, Lawrence G.
Lenke,
and Keith H. Bridwell
57

SECTION II
BIOMECHANICS Section Editor: Timothy R. Kuklo


6
General Considerations of Biomechanical Testing Anton E. Dmitrlev
65

7
Basic Pedicle Screw and Construct Biomechanics C.H. Crawford Iii, B.A. O뭩haughnessy, and T.R. Kuklo
74

8
Biomechanics of Three-Dimensional Scoliosis Correction Andrew G. S. King and Manish P. Lambat
79

9
Treatment Considerations and Biomechanics of the Lumbosacral Spine Geoffrey Cronen and Timothy R. Kuklo
86

10
Normal Spinal Anatomy: Normal Sagittal Plane Alignment Mark Bernhardt
93

SECTION III
ANATOMIC APPROACHES Section Editor: Ronald A. Lehman, Jr.


11
밠icroscopic� Approach to the Posterior Lumbar Spine for Decompression Jason P. Young and Paul H. Young
101

12
Minimal Access Techniques Using Tubular Retractors for Disc Herniations and Stenosis Neel Anand and Eli M. Baron
110

13
Anterior Cervical Approaches Ronald A. Lehman Jr and K. Daniel K. Riew
118

14
Jaw-Splitting Approaches to the Upper Cervical Spine Daniel M. Sciubba, Gregory S. Mcloughlin, Ziya L. Gokaslan,
and
Jean-Paul Wolinsky
127

15
The Modified Anterior Approach to the Cervicothoracic Junction Kamran Majid and Harry N. Herkowitz
140

16
Transsternal Approaches to the Spine Daniel M. Sciubba, Clarke Nelson, Jean-Paul Wolinsky, and Ziya L. Gokaslan
147

17
Anterior Exposure of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Down to L4 Melvtn D. Helgeson and Ronald A. Lehman Jr
158

18
Anterior Approaches to the Distal Lumbar Spine and Sacrum John E. Tis and Ronald A. Lehman Jr
165

19
Direct Lateral Approach to the Lumbar Spine Neel Anand and Eli M. Baron
175

SECTION IV
THE CERVICAL DEGENERATIVE SPINE Section Editor: John M. Rhee


20
Cervical State of the Art John M. Rhee
183

21
Evaluation of Axial Neck Pain. Who is a Surgical Candidate and Who Isn뭪: How to Manage the Nonoperative Treatment,
How to Work Up the Pathology Keith Rinkus and John M. Rhee
185

22
Cervical Radiculopathy: Clinical Evaluation and Nonoperative Treatment Peters. Rose, John M. Rhee, and K. Daniel
Riew
196

23
Cervical Spondylosis and Radiculopathy Andelle L. Teng, Corey Wallach, and Jeffrey C. Wang
203

24
Cervical Myelopathy John M. Rhee, Sushil K. Basra, and K. Daniel Riew
212

25
Occipitocervical and Atlantoaxial Methods of Fusion: Cl-2 Fixation, Harms Screw, Magerl Screw, Wiring Raheel Ahmed,
Vincent C. Traynelis, and Alexander R. Vaccaro
225

26
Anterior Decompression, Instrumentation, Fusion Techniques: Corpectomy, Strut Grafting Ahmad Nassr, Ravi K.
Ponnappan, and James D. Kang
236

27
Anterior Decompression, Instrumentation, Fusion Techniques: Discectomy, Foraminotomy, Disc Space Carpentry Ravi K.
Ponnappan, Ahmad Nassr, and James D. Kang
253

28
Anterior Cervical Plating Andrew W. Mack, Ronald A. Lehman Iii, and Timothy R. Kuklo
268

29
Indications and Techniques for Transoral and Foramen Magnum Decompression Arnold H. Menezes
276

30
Sub Axial Posterior Decompression and Fusion Techniques Douglas D. Nowak, Kornelis A. Poelstra, and Steven C. Ludwig
293

31
Subaxial Posterior Foraminotomy Douglas D. Nowak, Ra뭟erry K. Rahman, Kornelis A. Poelstra, and Steven C. Ludwig
301

32
Subaxial Posterior Laminoplasty and Laminectomy Douglas D. Nowak, Kc^Rnelis A. Poelstra, and Steven C. Ludwig
307

33
Subaxial Posterior Lateral Mass Fixation Melvin D. Helgeson and Ronald A. Lehman Jr.
313

34
Subaxial Cervical Pedicle Screw Fixation Kuniyoshi Abumi, Manabu Ito, and Hideki Sudo
321

35
Revision Cervical Spine Surgery Brian A. O뭩haughnessy, Charles H. Crawford Iii, Ronald L. Lehman, and Timothy R.
Kuklo
335

36
Cervical Disc Arthroplasty Wellington K. Hsu and Paul A. Anderson
344

SECTION V
THE THORACIC AND LUMBAR DEGENERATIVE SPINE Section Editor: Timothy R. Kuklow


37
Thoracic and Lumbar Degenerative Disorders: State of the Art Jacob M. Buchowski
353

38
Evaluation of Thoracic and Lumbar Axial Back Pain Kathryn Keelerand Jacob M. Buchowski
355

39
Evaluation of Thoracic and Lumbar Radicular Pathology. Who is a Surgical Candidate and Who Isn뭪 Kathryn A. Keeler
and Jacob M. Buchowski
367

40
Use of Discography to Evaluate Lumbar Back Pain with An Eye Toward Surgical Treatment Eugene J. Carragee and Angus
S. Don
376

41
Surgical Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation David Lee Spencer
387

42
Surgical Treatment of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Gbolahan O. Okubadejo and Jacob M. Buchowski
394

43
Revision Laminectomy: Indications and Techniques Peter D. Angevtne
402

44
Strategies and Techniques for Dural Repair Chris J. Neal, Tyler Koski, and Stephen L. Ondra
411

45
When to Consider Alif, Tlif, Plif, Psf, Or Motion-Preserving Techniques David W. Polly and Edward Rainier G. Santos
418

46
Motion-Preservation Techniques (Other Than Disc Arthroplasty) John G. Devine
428

47
Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion/Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Christopher R. Good and Timothy R. Kuklo
436

48
Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Techniques Michael K. Rosner and Victoria A. Campbell
445

49
Minimally Invasive Posterior Surgery for the Lumbar Spine James D. Schwenderand Brian C. Hsu
452

50.1
Total Disc Replacement: Concepts/Design Strategy/Indications/ Contraindications/Complications James J. Yue, Brandon
Lawrence, and Fred Mo
463

50.2
Total Disc Replacement뾏averick Matthew E. Gornet
471

50.3
Lumbar Total Disc Replacement: Charite Artificial Disc Oren N. Gottfried and Darrel S. Brodke
483

50.4
Total Disc Replacement: Prodisc Ufuktalu, Rudolf Bertagnoli, Hartmann Habbicht, Ganesh Swamy, and Serena S. Hu
493

51
Revision Lumbar Spine Surgery Joshua D. Auerbach and Timothy R. Kuklo
503

52
Complications of Lumbosacral Spine Surgery Johnr. Dimarii
513

53
The Future: Disc Regeneration and Other Technologies Daniel K. Park, Michael B. Ellman, Kern Singh, and Howard S. An
525

54
Posterior Dynamic Stabilization Zachary A. Smith and Lawrence T.Khoo
534

55
Thoracic Discectomy David J. Mollerand John C. Liu
539

56
Thoracic Stenosis Tyler Koski and Fadi Nasr
546

SECTION VI
SPONDYLOLISTHESIS Section Editor: Charles C. Edwards II


57
Spondylolisthesis: Introduction Charles Edwards Ii and Mark Weidenbaum
553

58
Wiltse and Marchetti/Bartolozzi Classifications Of Spondylolisthesis뾉uidelines for Treatment Ra뭟erry K. Rahman,
Joseph Perra, and Mark Weidenbaum
556

59
Sacro-Pelvic Morphology, Spino-Pelvic Alignment, and the Spinal Deformity Study Group Classification Hubert Labelle
and Jean-Marc Mac-Thiong
563

60
The Natural History of Spondylolisthesis Kim Hammerberg and Mustafa Khan
576

61
Pars Repair Purnendu Gupta and Munish C. Gupta
581

62.1
Low-Grade Spondylolisthesis in Children and Adolescents M. Timothy Hresko
590

62.2
Low-Grade Spondylolisthesis in Adults: Surgical Management Steven Mardjetko
596

63
Adult Degenerative Spondylolisthesis without Lysis Steven S. Agabegi, David M. Montgomery, and Harry N. Herkowitz
617

64
High-Grade Spondyiolisthesis: Fusion in Situ Mauricio A. Campos Daziano and Stuart Weinstein
633

65
High-Grade Spondylolisthesis: Partial Reduction Pierre Roussouly and Richard B.Meyrat
638

66
High-Grade Spondylolisthesis: Posterior Decompression and Spanning/Dowel Fibula Rick C. Sasso and James E. Lashley
646

67
High Dysplastic Spondylolisthesis: Anatomic Reduction. The Harms/Shufflebarger Technique Harry L. Shufflebarger
660

68
Reduction of High-Grade Spondylolisthesis: the Edwards Technique Charles C. Edwards and Charles C. Edwards Ii
668

69
The L5 Vertebrectomy Approach for the Treatment of Spondyloptosis with Reduction of L4 Onto Si Julian A. Romagnoli,
Jwalant S. Mehta, and Robert W. Gaines
686

70
Complications of Spondylolysis/Spondylolisthesis Surgery John P. Lubicky and Amer Zeni
701


Volume II


SECTION VII
IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS Section Editor: Charles C. Edwards II


71
Introduction to Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Charles C. Edwards Ii and Keith H. Bridwell
709

72
Natural History Including Measures of Maturity James O. Sanders
711

73
Clinical Assessment and Parent-Patient Expectations Anthony Rinella
721

74
Spinal Deformity Outcomes Measurement Rudolph Christopher Glattes, Douglas C. Burton, and Sue Min Lai
728

75
Radiographic Classification Scheme: Lenke Classification Lawrence G. Lenke
738

76
Fusionless Surgery and Growing Rod Techniques for Infantile and Juvenile Idiopathic Scoliosis Behrooz A. Akbarnia,
George H. Thompson, and Gregory M. Mundis Jr
754

77
Stapling Techniques Timothy S. Oswald, Patrick J. Cah1ll, Amer F. Samdani, and Randal R. Betz
766

78
Open and Thoracoscopic Anterior Thoracic Surgery Peter O. Newton and Vidyadhar V. Upasani
778

79
Thoracoplasty David H. Clements, Amer F. Samdani, and Randal R. Betz
792

80
Evolution of Instrumentation for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Gbolahan O. Okubadejo and Keith H. Bridwell
800

81
Short Segment 밄one-On-Bone� Fusion for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Julian A. Romagnoli and Robert W. Gaines
808

82
Posterior Spinal Deformity Correction Techniques Brian A. O뭩haughnessy and Lawrence G. Lenke
823

83
Anterior Lumbar and Thoracolumbar Correction and Fusion for Ais Daniel J. Sucato, Hong Zhang, and Charles E.
Johnston
848

84
Treatment of Thoracic Scoliosis Keith H. Bbidwell
866

85
Selective Thoracic Fusion Brett Freedman, Charles Edwards Ii, and Keith H. Brtdwell
889

86
Complications Associated with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Surgery Mark C. Lee, B. Stephens Richards, and
Charles
E. Johnston
905

SECTION VIII
ADULT SPINAL DEFORMITY Section Editor: Christopher L. Hamill


87
Adult Spinal Deformity� Introduction/State of the Art Christopher L. Hamill
919

88
Adult Spinal Deformity Classification Frank Schwab, Sigurd Berven, and Keith H. Bridwell
921

89
De Novo Scoliosis Ashish Patel, Frank Schwab, and Jean-Pierre Farcy
929

90
Sagittal Imbalance Christopher L. Hamill, Peter D. Angevine, and Keith H. Bridwell
938

91
Fbced Coronal Imbalance of the Spine: Clinical Significance and Operative Management Brian Hsu and Sigurd Berven
948

92
Spinal Deformity in the Older Patient with Kyphosis Frank L. Acosta Jr, Tyler Koski, and Stephen L. Ondra
962

93
Revision Surgeries for Adult Spinal Deformity Matthew E. Cunningham and Oheneba Boachie-Adjei
970

94
Smith-Petersen Osteotomy of the Spine Douglas C. Burton
982

95
Pedicle Subtraction Procedures for Complex Spinal Deformity Brian A. O뭩haughnessy, Jacob M. Buchowski, and Keith
H.
Bridwell
987

96
Vertebral Column Resection for Complex Spinal Deformity: Posterior Approach Se-Ilsuk
999

97
Vertebral Column Resection for Complex Spinal Deformity: Anterior and Posterior Approach Sigurd Berven and David S.
Bradford
1015

98
Minimally Invasive Deformity Surgery: Future Directions Fadi Nasr, Tyler Koski, John Liu, Stephen Ondra, and
Richard
Fessler
1021

99
Fusion to the Sacrum and Fixation Techniques of the Sacropelvic Junction...1031 Angel E. Macagno and Michael F. O뭕rien


100
Structural Grafting for Adult Spinal Deformity Peter D. Angevine and Keith H. Bridwell
1052

SECTION IX
DYSPLASTIC AND CONGENITAL DEFORMITIES Section Editor: Scott J. Luhmann


101
Introduction/State of the Art in the Care of Dysplastic and Congenital Spine Deformities Scott J. Luhmann
1059

102
Dysplastic Scoliosis: Neurofibromatosis Spinal Pathology Alvin H. Crawford, and Keith R. Gabriel
1062

103
Spinal Deformities in Marfan Syndrome Paul D. Sponseller
1078

104
Spinal Deformity in Skeletal Dysplasia Conditions Eric D. Shirley and Michael C. Ain
1084

105
The Spine in Osteogenesis Imperfecta Paul D. Sponseller and Sergio A. Glait
1099

106
Spinal Deformity in Familial Dysautonomia David S. Feldman, Fulya Ustunkan, and Debra A. Sala
1107

107
Congenital Scoliosis Mtchael J. Mcmaster
1118

108
Hemivertebra Resection Michael Ruf and Jurgen Harms
1139

109
Congenital Intraspinal Anomalies: Spinal Dysraphism
rien


100
Structural Grafting for Adult Spinal Deformity Peter D. Angevine and Keith H. Bridwell
1052

SECTION IX
DYSPLASTIC AND CONGENITAL DEFORMITIES Section Editor: Scott J. Luhmann


101
Introduction/State of the Art in the Care of Dysplastic and Congenital Spine Deformities Scott J. Luhmann
1059

102
Dysplastic Scoliosis: Neurofibromatosis Spinal Pathology Alvin H. Crawford, and Keith R. Gabriel
1062

103
Spinal Deformities in Marfan Syndrome Paul D. Sponseller
1078

104
Spinal Deformity in Skeletal Dysplasia Conditions Eric D. Shirley and Michael C. Ain
1084

105
The Spine in Osteogenesis Imperfecta Paul D. Sponseller and Sergio A. Glait
1099

106
Spinal Deformity in Familial Dysautonomia David S. Feldman, Fulya Ustunkan, and Debra A. Sala
1107

107
Congenital Scoliosis Mtchael J. Mcmaster
1118

108
Hemivertebra Resection Michael Ruf and Jurgen Harms
1139

109
Congenital Intraspinal Anomalies: Spinal Dysraphism뾇mbryology, Pathology, and Treatment Jeffrey Leonard, M. Mohsin
Shah, and Bruce Kaufman
1149

110
Thoracic Insufficiency Syndrome Robert M. Campbell Jr.
1179

111
Congenital Anomalies of the Cervical Spine in Children: Management of Segmental Instability and Spinal Canal
Encroachment Harish S. Hosalkar, Dantelle B. Cameron, and Dents S. Drummond
1194

SECTION X
PARALYTIC DEFORMITY Section Editor: Scott J. Luhmann


112
Introduction/State of the Art in the Care of the Paralytic and Neuromuscular Scoliosis Scott J. Luhmann
1209

113
Paralytic Scoliosis and the Spastic Patient Thomas G. Mcpartland and John B. Emans
1214

114
Surgical Treatment of Flaccid Neuromuscular Scoliosis Gilbert Chan, Davtd A. Spiegel, and Denis S. Drummond
1229

115
Surgical Treatment of Myelomeningocele Deformities Richard E. Mccarthy
1244

116
Management of Paralytic Neuromuscular Disorders with An Emphasis on Pelvic Obliquity Dantel J. Hedequ1st
1252

117
Role of Halo Traction and Halo-Femoral Traction in Paralytic/Neuromuscular Scoliosis Scott J. Luhmann and David L.
Skaggs
1265

SECTION XI
KYPHOSIS AND POSTLAMINECTOMY DEFORMITIES Sectton Editor: Peter D. Angevine


118
Introduction and Current State of the Art Peter Angevine
1279

119
Cervical Instability and Kyphosis (Rheumatoid, Dwarfism, Degenerative, Others) Eric Harris, James Lawrence, Jeffrey
Rihn, Joseph Gondusky, and Alan Hilibrand
1281

120
Surgical Treatment of Scheuermann뭩 Kyphosis Angel E. Macagno, Michael F. O뭕rien, and Harry L. Shufflebarger
1295

121
Short-Segment Anterior Fusion of Symptomatic Scheuermann뭩 Disease Jwalant S. Mehta and Robert W. Gaines
1312

122
Postlaminectomy Deformities in the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Brandon G. Rocque, Sharad Ra)Pal, and Daniel K. Resnick
1326

123
Posttraumatic Deformity Jacob M. Buchowski
1332

124
Ankylosing Spondylitis/Thoracolumbar Deformities Christopher L. Hamill
1340

125
Cervicothoracic Extension Osteotomy for Chin-On-Chest Deformity Christopher G. Furey
1345

126
The Role of Osteotomies in the Cervical Spine K. Daniel Riew and Adam L. Wollowick
1355

SECTION XII
TRAUMA Section Editor: Ronald A. Lehman, Jr.


127
Trauma State of the Art Ronald A. Lehman, Jr. and Tobin Eckel
1377

128
Classification of Cervical Spine Injury Alpesh A. Patel, Alexander R. Vaccaro, and Paul A. Anderson
1381

129
Classification of Thoracic and Lumbar Fractures Ronald A. Lehman, Jr., Jason T. Bessey, and Alexander R. Vaccaro
1390

130
Surgical Management of Cervical Spine Fractures Keixey Banagan and Daniel Gelb
1399

131
Anterior and Posterior Instrumentation Techniques Used in the Thoracic Spine for Treatment of Fractures David H.
Kim, Jeffrey A. Rihn, and Todd J. Albert
1411

132
Surgical Treatment of Thoracolumbar and Lumbar Fractures Michael D. Daubs and Robert Shay Bess
1424

133
Anterior Decompression Techniques for Thoracic and Lumbar Fractures Davis L. Reames, D. Kojo Hamilton, Toomas
Anton,
and Christopher I. Shaffrey
1439

134
Minimal Access Techniques for Spine Trauma Joseph Riina, David G. Schwartz, Jason E. Smith, and Kathy J. Flint
1449

135
Management and Surgical Treatment of Fractures of the Lumbosacral Region and the Sacrum Carlo Bellabarba, Thomas A.
Schildhauer, M.L. Chip Routt, and Jens R. Chapman
1460

136
Novel Approaches to Neural Repair and Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury Elena Okon, Jessica Hillyer, and Brian
K. Kwon
1474

SECTION XIII
TUMOR AND OSTEOMYELITIS Section Editor: Peter D. Angevtne


137
Introduction and State of the Art Peter D. Angevtne
1485

138
Benign Tumors of the Spine Sumeet Garg and John P. Dormans
1487

139
Primary Malignant Tumors of the Spine Gregory S. Mcloughlin, Daniel M. Sciubba, and Jean-Paul Wolinsky
1499

140
The Surgical Treatment of Metastatic Spine Disease Ilya Laufer, Peter S. Rose, and Mark H. Bilsky
1511

141
Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors Kazutoshi Hida
1520

142
Intradural, Extramedullary Spinal Tumors Alfred T. Ogden and Paul C. Mccormick
1535

143
Spinal Vascular Malformations Michelle J. Clarke, William E. Krauss, and Mark A. Pichelmann
1544

144
Spinal Infection/Osteomyelitis Sanford E. Emery and Ryan T. Gocke
1553

145
Tumors of the Sacrum Alexandre Rasouli, H. Thomas Temple, and Frank J. Eismont
1560

146
Adjuvant Therapy of Spinal Tumors Ilya Laufer, Yoshiya Yamada, and Mark H. Bilsky
1575

SECTION XIV
COMPLICATIONS Section Editor: Jacob M. Buchowski


147
Introduction/State- Of- The- Art Jacob M. Buchowski
1581

148
Neurological Complications Lukas P. Zebala and Jacob M. Buchowskt
1584

149
Reconstruction of Complex Spinal Wounds Brendan Collins and Richard J. Redett
1591

150
Vascular Complications Gregory Gebauer and A. Jay Khanna
1598

151
Postoperative Early and Late Wound/Implant Infections Sumeet Garg and Jacob M. Buchowski
1608

152
Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistula and Pseudomeningocele Kene Ugokwe and Edward C. Benzel
1617

153
Pseudarthrosis in Spinal Deformity Surgery Yongjung J. Kim and Peter D. Angevine
1622

154
Legal Implications and Strategies Janice F. Mulligan, Heather Hansen, Jessica Uitto, Paul Craig, and Steven R.
Garfin
1633

155
Unresolved Postoperative Spine Pain William C. Lauerman and Steven C. Scherping
1649

156
Medical Complications Associated with Spinal Surgery Eli M. Baron and Todd J. Albert
1665


Index