Trigger Points and Muscle Chains in Osteopathy

상품상세정보
Effective trigger point therapy

This unique guide takes an in-depth look at trigger point therapy. Split into two sections, it combines detailed
theory
with practical techniques. You will find comprehensive information on a broad spectrum of topics such as myofascial
chains, the craniosacral model, and the classification, diagnosis, and therapy of trigger points.

Highlights:

Different models of muscle chains

Detailed explanations of trigger points and their treatment

Over 260 instructive illustrations and high-quality photographs

Featuring input from various different specialties, this outstanding book is an essential tool for osteopaths,
physiotherapists, chiropractors using trigger point therapy, and all others working in pain therapy. A clear layout
and
detailed anatomical drawings allow you to quickly improve your therapeutic skills. The result: accurate and effective
pain therapy!


Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V
List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI
Picture Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI
Part A Muscle Chains
Philipp Richter
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1 The Significance of Muscle Chains
in the Organism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 The Osteopathy of Dr. Still . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Scientific Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Mobility and Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 The Organism as a Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.6 Interrelation of Structure and Function . . 7
1.7 Biomechanics of the Spinal Column and
the Locomotor System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.8 The Significance of Homeostasis . . . . . . . 8
1.9 The Nervous System as Control Center . . 8
1.10 Different Models of Muscle Chains . . . . . 8
1.11 In This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 ModelsofMyofascialChains. . . . . . . . . 10
2.1 Herman Kabat 1950:
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation 10
Motion Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Application Modalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Godelieve Struyff-Denys . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Classification of the Five Muscle Chains . . 12
2.3 Thomas W. Myers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
“Anatomy Trains”.Myofascial Meridians
(Chains) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Myofascial Chains According to T. Myers . . 15
2.4 Leopold Busquet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
The Muscle Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Myofascial Chains According to Busquet . 19
Functions of the Myofascial Muscle Chains 25
2.5 Paul Chauffour: Le Lien Mecanique en Osteopathie
(The Mechanical Link in Osteopathy) .2.5
Paul Chauffour’s Biomechanical Chains . . . 25
2.6 Conclusion on the Different Models of
Myofascial Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3 Physiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.1 Components of the Connective Tissue . . . 27
The Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
The Intercellular Substance . . . . . . . . . . . 27
The Basic Substance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2 Supply of the Connective Tissue . . . . . . . 28
Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Osmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.3 The “Creep” Phenomenon . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4 The Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.5 The Fasciae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Functions of the Fasciae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Manifestations of Fascial Disorders . . . . . . 30
Evaluation of Fascial Tensions . . . . . . . . . . 31
Causes of Musculoskeletal Dysfunctions . . 31
Genesis of Myofascial Disorders . . . . . . . . 31
Patterns of Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.6 Vegetative Innervation of the Organs . . . 34
3.7 Irvin M. Korr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Significance of a Somatic Dysfunction in the
Spinal Column for the Entire Organism . . . 34
Significance of the Spinal Cord . . . . . . . . . 35
Significance of the Autonomous Nervous
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Significance of the Nerves for Trophism . . 35
3.8 Sir Charles Sherrington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Inhibition of the Antagonist or Reciprocal
Innervation (or Inhibition) . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Post-isometric Relaxation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Temporary Summation and Local,
Spatial Summation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Successive Induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.9 Harrison H. Fryette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Lovett’s Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Fryette’s Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.10 The Gait as a Global Functional Motion
Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Gait Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Muscle Activity during Walking . . . . . . . . 41
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4 The Craniosacral Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.1 William G. Sutherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.2 Biomechanics of the Craniosacral System 46
4.3 The Movements and Dysfunctions of the
Craniosacral Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Flexion and Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Torsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Sidebending Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Vertical Strain and Lateral Strain . . . . . . . 53
Compression Dysfunction in the
Sphenobasilar Synchondrosis . . . . . . . . . . 53
Intraossal Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Sacral Dysfunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.4 The Influence of Cranial Dysfunctions
and Malpostures on the Periphery . . . . . 56
Contents VII
Richter, Hebgen, Trigger Points and Muscle Chains in Osteopathy (ISBN 9783131450517), ⓒ 2008 Georg Thieme Verlag KG
5 The Biomechanical Model of John Martin
Littlejohn.The Mechanics of the Spine 58
5.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.2 The “Mechanics of the Spine” and the
Force Lines of the Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
The Central Gravity Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
The Anterior Body Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
The Anteroposterior Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.3 The Force Polygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.4 Arches, Pivots, and Double Arches . . . . . 62
Pivots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Double Arches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.5 Specific Adjustment Technique According
to Dummer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
The Three Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6 Postural Muscles, Phasic Muscles, and
Crossed Syndrome (Vladimir Janda’s
Contribution to Myofascial Treatment
Methods) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.1 Posture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.2 Motorics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.3 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.4 Crossed Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
The Upper Crossed Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . 69
The Lower Crossed Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.5 Practical Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
7 The Zink Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
7.1 The Composition of the Zink Patterns . . . 72
Occiput-Atlas-Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Upper Thoracic Aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Lower Thoracic Aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Pelvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
7.2 Practical Application of the Zink Patterns 75
Occiput-Atlas-Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Upper Thoracic Aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Lower Thoracic Aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Pelvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
8 Myofascial Chains.A Model . . . . . . . . . 77
8.1 Muscle Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Flexion Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Extension Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
8.2 Summary and Conclusions of the Flexion
and Extension Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Flexion Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Extension Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
8.3 Torsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
8.4 Specific Characteristics of Some Muscles
or Muscle Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Sternocleidomastoid Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Scalene Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Diaphragm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Iliopsoas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Hip Rotators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
9 Posture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
9.1 Hinge Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
9.2 Posture ad Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
9.3 Leg Length Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Postural Changes in the Pelvis and Spinal
Column from Leg Length Differences . . . . 97
Effects on the Musculoskeletal System and
Symptoms of Leg Length Difference . . . . . 97
Diagnosis of a Leg Length Difference . . . . . 98
Should We Correct Leg Length Differences? 99
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
10 Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
10.1 Medical History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
10.2 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Palpation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Motion Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
11 Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
11.1 Muscle Energy Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Indications and Contraindications . . . . . . 107
Prerequisites for Optimal Muscle Energy
Technique Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Technical Prerequisites and Enhancers
for Muscle Energy Techniques . . . . . . . . . 107
Variations of Muscle Energy Techniques . 108
11.2 Myofascial Release Techniques . . . . . . . . 109
11.3 Neuromuscular Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
11.4 Myofascial Release Technique with
Ischemic Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Part B Trigger Points and
Their Treatment
Eric Hebgen
12 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
13 Classification of Trigger Points . . . . . . . 113
13.1 Active and Latent Trigger Points . . . . . . . 113
13.2 Trigger Point Symptoms and Supporting
Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Supporting Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
14 Pathophysiology of Trigger Points . . . . 114
14.1 Locally Increased Tension in Trigger Points
and Referred Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
14.2 Causes of Locally Increased Tension
in Trigger Points and Referred Pain . . . . . 114
Convergence Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Convergence Facilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Axonal Ramifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Sympathetic Nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Metabolic Derailment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Muscle Stretching Affects Muscle
Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
VIII Contents
Richter, Hebgen, Trigger Points and Muscle Chains in Osteopathy (ISBN 9783131450517), ⓒ 2008 Georg Thieme Verlag KG
The Hypertonic Palpable Muscle Spindle. . 115
Muscular Weakness and Fast Tiring . . . . . 117
15 Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
15.1 Detailed Medical History . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
15.2 Charting Pain Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
15.3 Examining Muscles in Activity . . . . . . . . . 118
15.4 Looking for Trigger Points . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
16 Trigger Point Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
16.1 Stretch-and-Spray Technique . . . . . . . . . . 121
Applying Cooling Spray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Passive Stretch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Active Stretch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
16.2 Postisometric Relaxation/Muscle Energy
Technique/Myofascial Release . . . . . . . . . 122
16.3 Ischemic Compression/Manual Inhibition. 122
16.4 Deep Friction Massage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
17 Trigger Point.Sustaining Factors . . . . . 123
18 The Facilitated Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
19 The Trigger Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
19.1 Muscles of Head and Neck Pain . . . . . . . . 125
Trapezius Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Sternocleidomastoid Muscle . . . . . . . . . . 127
Masseter Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Temporalis Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Lateral Pterygoid Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Medial Pterygoid Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Digastric Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Orbicularis Oculi, Zygomaticus Major,
and Platysma Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Orbicularis oculi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Zygomaticus Major Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Platysma Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Occipitofrontalis Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Splenius Capitis and Cervicis Muscles . . . 136
Semispinalis Capitis and Cervicis Muscles,
Multifidus Muscles (Transversospinalis) . . 138
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major and Minor
Muscles, Obliquus Capitis Inferior and
Superior Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
19.2 Muscles of Upper Thorax Pain and
Shoulder.Arm Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Levator Scapulae Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Scalene Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Supraspinatus Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Infraspinatus Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Teres Minor Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Teres Major Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Latissimus Dorsi Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Subscapularis Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Rhomboid Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Deltoid Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Coracobrachialis Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Biceps Brachii Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Brachialis Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Triceps Brachii Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Anconeus Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
19.3 Muscles of Elbow.Finger Pain . . . . . . . . . 156
Brachioradialis Muscle and Wrist Extensors 156
Brachioradialis Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Muscle . . . . 156
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Muscle . . . . 157
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle . . . . . . . . . . 158
Extensor Digitorum and Indicis Muscles . . 158
Extensor Digitorum Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Extensor Indicis Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Supinator Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Palmaris Longus Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Flexor Carpi Radialis and Ulnaris, Flexor
Digitorum Superficialis and Profundus,
Flexor Pollicis Longus, and Pronator Teres
Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Flexor Carpi Radialis Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Muscle . . . . 163
Flexor Digitorum Profundus Muscle . . . . . . 163
Flexor Pollicis Longus Muscle . . . . . . . . . . 163
Pronator Teres Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Adductor and Opponens Pollicis Muscles . 164
Adductor Pollicis Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Opponens Pollicis Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Abductor Digiti Minimi Muscle . . . . . . . . . 167
Interosseous Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Dorsal Interosseous Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Palmar Interosseous Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . 170
19.4 Muscles of Upper Torso Pain . . . . . . . . . . 170
Pectoralis Major Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Pectoralis Minor Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Subclavius Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Sternalis Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Serratus Posterior Superior Muscle . . . . . 174
Serratus Posterior Inferior Muscle . . . . . . 175
Serratus Anterior Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Erector Spinae Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Iliocostal Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Longissimus Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Spinalis Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Rectus Abdominis, Abdominal Internal and
External Oblique, Transversus Abdominis,
and Pyramidalis Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Rectus Abdominis Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Abdominal Internal Oblique Muscle . . . . . . 179
Abdominal External Oblique Muscle . . . . . . 180
Transversus Abdominis Muscle . . . . . . . . . . 180
Pyramidalis Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Abdominal Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
19.5 Muscles of Lower Torso Pain . . . . . . . . . . 182
Quadratus Lumborum Muscle . . . . . . . . . 182
Iliopsoas Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Iliacus Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Psoas Major Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Psoas Minor Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Obturator Internus Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
External Anal Sphincter Muscle . . . . . . . . . 185
Levator Ani Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Coccygeus Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Gluteus Maximus Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Gluteus Medius Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Gluteus Minimus Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Piriformis Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
19.6 Muscles of Hip, Thigh, and Knee Pain . . . 191
Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscle . . . . . . . . . . 191
Contents IX
Richter, Hebgen, Trigger Points and Muscle Chains in Osteopathy (ISBN 9783131450517), ⓒ 2008 Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Sartorius Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Pectineus Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Quadriceps Femoris Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Rectus Femoris Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Vastus Lateralis Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Vastus Medialis Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Vastus Intermedius Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus
Medialis, and Vastus Intermedius Muscles 194
Gracilis and Adductor Longus, Brevis,
and Magnus Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Gracilis Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Adductor Longus Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Adductor Brevis Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Adductor Magnus Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus,
and Semimembranosus Muscles . . . . . . . . 198
Biceps Femoris Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Semitendinosus Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Semimembranosus Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Popliteus Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
19.7 Muscles of Lower Leg, Ankle, and Foot Pain 202
Tibialis Anterior Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Tibialis Posterior Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Peroneus Longus, Brevis,
and Tertius Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Peroneus Longus Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Peroneus Brevis Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Peroneus Tertius Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Gastrocnemius Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Soleus and Plantaris Muscles . . . . . . . . . . 207
Soleus Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Plantaris Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Extensor Digitorum Longus and Hallucis
Longus Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle . . . . . . . 209
Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle . . . . . . . . 210
Flexor Digitorum Longus and Hallucis
Longus Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Flexor Digitorum Longus Muscle . . . . . . . . 210
Flexor Hallucis Longus Muscle . . . . . . . . . . 210
Superficial Intrinsic Foot Musculature . . . 212
Extensor Digitorum Brevis Muscle . . . . . . . 212
Extensor Hallucis Brevis Muscle . . . . . . . . . 212
Abductor Hallucis Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Flexor Digitorum Brevis Muscle . . . . . . . . . 213
Abductor Digiti Minimi Muscle . . . . . . . . . 214
Deep Intrinsic Foot Musculature . . . . . . . . 215
Quadratus Plantae Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Dorsal Interossei Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Plantar Interossei Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Adductor Hallucis Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Flexor Hallucis Brevis Muscle . . . . . . . . . . 218
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Muscle Chains (Richter) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Trigger Points and Their Treatment
(Hebgen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
X Contents
Richter, Hebgen, Trigger Points and Muscle Chains in Osteopathy (ISBN 9783131450517), ⓒ 2008 Georg Thieme Verlag KG