Science of Microscopy

The examination of structure at the microscopic scale, between
micrometers and angstrom units, has changed dramatically in recent
decades. Many new types of microscopy have emerged, notably the many
scanning-probe designs, some of which also allow manipulation of
atoms to form wanted structures, while others now permit direct
observation of moving proteins in liquids. The traditional electron
microscope is being revolutionized by the arrival of aberration
correctors and monochromators, which bring the resolution below the
Angstrom and electron-volt level. The "laboratory in a microscope"
concept is rapidly evolving, as nanostructures are observed forming
under controlled conditions at atomic resolution (the carbon nanotube
being the most famous recent example). Electron holography and
scanning transmission electron microscopy have become indispensable
tools of the semiconductor industry. The oldest form of microscopy,
optical microscopy, has been rejuvenated by the development of
fluorescent, confocal, and two-photon variants. Analytical Scanning X-
ray microscopes and Photoemission microscopes at synchrotons now
routinely provide spatially resolved electronic structure maps.
Tomographic imaging has vastly increased the information content of
practically all forms of microscopy, as reflected in the award of a
recent Nobel Prize. Molecular biology is benefiting enormously from
progress in this technique. Most of these developments are responses
to the urgent needs of researchers to characterize new useful
nanostructures at the atomic level.

In Science of Microscopy, comprehensive reviews set these innovations
in the context of microscopy today. Each contribution presents a form
of microscopy or occasionally a microscopic technique, and provides
information about the instruments involved and their areas of
application. The contributions are written in such a way that the
reader can understand how the various instruments function, their
strengths and weaknesses, and whether they are suitable for a
particular scientific investigation. Science of Microscopy will be an
indispensable guide to both a wide range of scientists in university
laboratories and to engineers and scientists in industrial R&D
departments.

LEEM and SPLEEM.
Tomographic cryomicroscopy in TEM.
Dynamic Force microscopy in materials science. Analytical electron
microscopy.
Two-photon fluorescence microscopy.
Electron holography.
The notion of resolution.
Recent developments in electron optical instrumentation.
Confocal and fluorescence microscopy, super-resolution.
Soft x-ray microscopy.
Atomic-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Scanning
transmission x-ray microscopy and spectroscopy.
High-speed electron microscopy.
AFM in the life sciences.
Scanning transmission electron microscopy.
Scanning electron microscopy.
In situ transmission electron microscopy. Photoelectron microscopy.
Lensless imaging, CDI and other novel techniques. Low-temperature
scanning tunneling microscopy.