Atlas of Echocardiography 1e

< PREFACE >

Echocardiography has become the primier diagnostic imaging modality in clinical cardiology. In fact, information from
echocardiography has become an integral part of clinical decision-making in the management of patients with a range of
cardiovascular diseases. The strengths of echocardiography are many. It is a real-time technique that is readily
available at the bedside. It provides exquisite anatomic and physiologic information, whether through transthoracic or
transesophageal approach. These data provided by echocardiography have evolved, validated, and applied in clinical
practice over the past 20 years.
Furthermore, echocardiography also continues to push the frontiers of science through newer techniques, such as
three-dimensional imaging, contrast imaging, tissue Doppler imaging. These advancements are expanding its role in
clinical cardiology and ensuring that echocardiography remains competitive and complementary to other imaging
modalities such as cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) of the heart.
These are exciting times in noninvasive cardiac imaging, and echocardiography remains very much at the
forefront of the rapidly changing imaging and clinical decision-making paradigms in cardiology.
This content of this Atlas covers all relevant aspects of echocardiography. There are chapters dedicated to techniques
and protocols, hemodynamics and physics, anatomic and flow applications in disease states, the role of echocardiography
in clinical situations such as intensive care units or operating rooms, and finally targeted imaging, which is an
exciting developing application. We are indebted to the contributing authors for providing high-quality illustrations
and to the editorial staff who have worked hard to produce a first-rate Atlas of Echocardiography.

< CONTENTS >

Chapter 1

Imaging Protocols and Normal Measurements / 1
Kirk T. Spencer, Lisa Sugeng, and Roberto M. Lang / 2
Transthoracic Echocardiography / 2
Normal Values for Transthoracic Echocardiography / 9
Transesophageal Echocardiography / 9
Stress Echocardiography / 14
Contrast Echocardiography / 19
Three-Dimensional Echocardiography / 21

Chapter 2

Cardiac Hemodynamics / 27
Rosario V. Rfeeman and Catherine M. Otto
Pressure-Velocity Relationship / 30
Valvular Regurgitation / 34
Evaluation of Regurgitation Severity / 40
Evaluation of Intracardiac and Intrapulmonary Pressures / 48

Chapter 3

Ischemic Heart Disease / 51
Kevin Wei, Thomas Marwick, and Mani A. Vannan
Chest Pain in the Emergency Room / 52
Acute Myocardial Infarction / 55
Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease / 70
Identification of Myocardial Variability / 76

Chapter 4

Native Valve Disease / 78
Mario J. Garcia, Zheng Liu, Harry Rakowski, and Mani A. Vannan
Aortic Valve Disorders / 79
Mitral Valve Disorders / 85
Tricuspid Valve Disorders / 100
Pulmonary Valve Disorders / 102

Chapter 5

Prosthetic Valve Disease / 106
Hisham Dokainish and William A. Zoghbi
Types of Valve Prostheses / 107
Echocardiographic Appearance of Normal Prosthetic Valves / 109
Echocardiographic and Doppler Evaluation of Prosthetic Valve Function : Normal, Stenotic, and Regurgitant Valves
Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis and Associated Complications / 125
Prosthetic Valve Thrombosis / 129

Chapter 6

Congenital Heart Disease / 133
Frank Cetta, William D. Edwards, James B. Seward, A. Jamil Tajik, and Patrick W. O'Leary
Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defects / 140
Partial Atrioventricular Septal Defects / 141
Patent Ductus Arteriosus / 146
Coarctation of the Aorta / 147
Pulmonary Valve Stenosis / 152
Ebstein Anomaly / 154
Tetralogy of Fallot / 158
Double-Outlet Right Ventricle / 158
Transposition of the Great Arteries / 159
Univentricular Atrioventricular Connections / 164

Chapter 7
Cardiac Masses / 167
Jeanne M. DeCra, Kirk T. Spencer, and Roberto M. Lang
Tumor Classification and Frequency / 168
Developing a Differential Diagnosis / 179
Role of Echocardiography / 183
Summary / 184

Chapter 8
Pericardial Disease / 185
Jae K. Oh and Raul E. Espinosa
Summary / 206

Chapter 9
Echocardiography in the Interventional Laboratory / 207
Steven A. Goldstein, Francisco Pita, and Mani A. Vannan

Chapter 10
Echocardiography in the Operating Room / 241
Krishnaswamy Chandrasekaran, Roger Click, Mani A. Vannan, and Harry Rakowski

Chapter 11
Echocardiography in the Emergency Room and Critical Care Units / 260
Stamatios Lerakis, George P. Sorescu, and Randolph P. Martin

Chapter 12
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy / 282
Harry Rakowski and Anna Woo
Genetics of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy / 283
Degree of Hypertrophy in the Risk Stratification of Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy / 285
Other Forms of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy / 286
Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction / 289
Diastolic Dysfunction in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy / 291
Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy with Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction / 293
Surgical Myectomy / 297


Index / 301