Introduction: Why looking at the disc is important
INSTRUMENTS OF OPHTHALMOSCOPY:
Indirect
Direct
Disc Photographs
Fluorescein Angiography
NFL Analyzer
STEPS OF DIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPY:
An introduction to the examination of the
Anatomy of the normal disc; embryology
Dilating Drops
What are the normal fundus (disc and macula) and it variations?
a. Neuroretinal rim b. Cups c. Viewing the Nerve Fiber Layer
BLOOD SUPPLY: ARTERIES AND IT BRANCHES:
Vortex Veins
Cilioretinal Arteries
Central/Branch Retinal Arteries
Preretinal
Macula
DISC ANOMALIES
Big Discs: Myopia, Megallopapilla
Little Discs: Hyperopia; hypoplasia
Myelination
Cavity Disc Anomalies a. Fundus Ectasia b. Congenital Pits c.
Colobomas d. Morning Glory discs
SWOLLEN OPTIC DISCS
Pseudo disc swelling
Disc Drusen
Little Red Discs Papilledema and its stages Other causes of
Swelling of the disc
Swelling due to Compression
Swelling due to Low Intraocular Pressure
Swelling due to ischemia ?Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
Swelling due to Inflammation: a. Optic Neuritis b.
NEURORETINITIS c. Papillitis d. LEBER뭆
OPTIC DISC ATROPHY
Congenital Optic Atrophy
LEBER뭆 Optic Neuropathy
Glaucoma
Retrobulbar Optic Neuritis
VASCULAR EVENTS AT THE DISC AND RETINA: AMAUROSIS FUGAX AND NOT
SO FUGAX
Types of Emboli
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion
Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
COMMON RETINAL AND MACULAR DISEASE: Examination of the retina
Hemorrhages in the Retina: Telling the depth and type of
hemorrhage
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Maculopathies
Staargarts
Metabolic Retinal Disease
Diabetes: Proliferative and Non - Proliferative
Hypertension
Infections of the Retina
Cytomegalovirus
Toxoplamosis
Histoplasmosis
PHAKOMATOSES
Von Hippel Lindau
Tuberous Sclerosis
Neurofibromatosis
Sturge ?Weber
System Requirements
Macintosh - OS 8.x
Author Information
By Kathleen B. Digre, MD, Professor of Neurology and
Ophthalmology, University of Utah School of Medicine; Neuro-
Ophthalmologist, Moran Eye Center at University of Utah Health
Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT; and James J. Corbett, MD,
McCarty Professor and Chairman of Neurology and Professor of
Ophthalmology, University of Mississippi School of Medicine and
University Hospitals and Clinics/University of Mississippi
Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Lecturer for Ophthalmology, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, MA